Radius of the Universe

HUBBLE DIAGRAM AND ITS CONSTRAINTS ON COSMOLOGYBradley Schaefer

A Hubble Diagram is presented based on 172 distance measures involving 52 Gamma-Ray Bursts out to redshifts of 6.3. The observed shape of the Hubble Diagram is a measure of the expansion history of the Universe, which will include the effects of the 'Dark Energy' that dominates over matter. Gamma-Ray Bursts can be seen to high redshift, and this uniquely allows for tests as to whether the Dark Energy changes with time. If Einstein's Cosmological Constant is a good representation of cosmology, then the equation of state of the Dark Energy won't change in time over the age of the Universe. The observed Hubble Diagram can be compared with the shape predicted by various models, including the model where the Cosmological Constant is a constant. The result is that the Cosmological Constant is rejected at a moderate confidence level. That is, apparently, Dark Energy changes with time. As with all such results, a consensus final conclusion can only be reached after the result is duplicated by independent experiments. To this end, over the next two years, the satellites Swift and HETE will discover another ~50 bursts that can be placed on the Hubble Diagram and this will serve as an independent test of the claim. The result also highlights the Gamma-Ray Burst Hubble Diagram as a new front-line technique to measure Dark Energy and the high-redshift Universe.

As I relay in the earlier part of the thread containing responses to the Evolving Dark Enery of Sean Carroll's, certain insights that had been gained along the way raise the issue of how such a dark energy would have influenced, how we gain information from the luminousity of standard candles, and how we would gain from that information.

Lubos Motl:

The corresponding equation of state would give "w" (the pressure/energy_density ratio) smaller than "-1" (much like in models of phantom energy) which would violate the dominant energy condition - and potentially allow superluminal signals. This sounds highly suspicious. Gamma ray bursts had to be used for the analysis - and they are sufficiently poorly understood - and independent experimental astrophysical sources at Harvard also recommend you to ignore the news.

Of course we are going to want to know why Lubos.

This set the stage for me in wonder about gravitonic concentrations, and how these woudl have been indicators of the strengths and weakeness, which would influence this information gained. I guess, it is in understanding better how such information could be "skewed" that I am looking at the answers given as a further response by Brad is illucidated upon.

So what is "dark energy" in relation to what gravitonic considerations might have on how we see such expasnion process say to us, the unievrse is indeed expanding.



It is always interesting to me to see how the cosmological values contained in the universe could have ever held to "GR curvature indicators" and that such values if held in regard to Einsteins and Riemann's spherical relations, then how indeed could we have siad that the nature of the universe is

As mentioned earlier, the value of is a measurement for the density of the universe. The definition of is such that,




where is the critical density of the universe. A critical density is associated with an "Einstein de Sitter Universe" for which equals 1. It has the property that the curvature is zero, the universe is spatially flat. Light will travel in a straight line and the angles of a triangle add to 180 degrees (space is Euclidean). The other possibilities are an open universe ( ) in which space will expand forever, and a closed universe ( ) in which gravity will halt the expansion and force the universe to contract, eventually leading to a "big crunch". The consequence could possibly be an oscillating universe, which gives a kind of continuity to the model. Figure 2 illustrates the three cosmological models.


Figure 2: The three cosmological models of the universe: open (), closed ( ) and flat ( )

Part of my exercise is to see the underlying geoemtries that are evolving thriugh time as we keep our universe in perspective. Do we know where this center is? And if so can we see whwere such expansiotry calculations would have given some indication? Are we always looking to the furthest edge so that we can help understand this red shifting that is going on tohelp us determine this value of the open uinverse?



Well within context of all this, the move to a higher lensing implications is most puzzling becuase it will shape the nature and kinds of infomration that is needed in order to make these determinations about unibverse values. Thus being inclined to pass by such galaxies in the forming state, as influencing the viability of the information given to us. So to me "Luminousity" is very important here as to the ejection of infomration that may reach us, and information that will held in context of those galaxy formations. So it is as if we are giving, an image in mind of these holes geoemtrically induced, along side of matter formation from causes that would influence the very nature of the repsonses we get.

Critical density

Sean Carroll:

Last time we talked about dark energy and its equation-of-state parameter, w. This number tells you how quickly the dark energy density changes as the universe expands; if w=-1, the density is strictly constant, if w>-1, the density decreases, and if w<-1, the density actually increases with time. (In equations, if a is the scale factor describing the relative size of the universe as a function of time, then the density goes as a-3(1+w).) For comparison purposes, cosmological "matter" (slowly-moving massive particles) has w=0, and "radiation" (relativistic particles, including photons) has w=1/3

So if we are to look for this center how would we find the valuation of what began?



You would have needed to see a time when critical density would have said to you that the infomration that is being propelled from the center, and here, critical density would have partaken of this value, because gravity would have been very strong? Strong enough that for any infomration to be propelled from that center, to have continued on to this day as a expansitory consideration. So that we may still hold it in considertaion as to exactly what this universe is doing now.

Once you have then held the unierse in a certain way you have to ask these question based on what you understood by implicating Lagrange points in your assesment of how the univere became the way it is. YOur lensing has created these holes for light to travel, and in those spaces, satelittes have found easier ways to have manueverd without expending a lot of energy.

We can still tap the greater reserviors of energy and radiation, to help these vehicles continue their journeys. But it is more then that, that we might have sent this vehicle to collect the stardust to help shape our perspective on what constituted that beginning of the universe, as we sent our probes out for further material in which to judge?

Einstein Was Right (Again):

Lubos Motl:

In the particular case of the recent "E=mc^2 tests", the accuracy was "10^{-7}" while we know experimentally that the relativistic relations are accurate with the accuracy "10^{-10}", see Alan Kostelecky's website for more concrete details. We just know that we can't observe new physics by this experiment.

NIST and MIT Confirm that E= mc2
Archives-http://physics.nist.gov/News/TechBeat/techbeat.html

An instrument called GAMS4, originally designed and built at NIST and now located at Institut Laue Langevin in France, was used in experiments that helped to confirm Einstein’s famous equation E=mc². GAMS4 measured the angle at which gamma rays are diffracted by two identical crystals made of atoms separated by a known distance. The two crystals are the dark gray rectangles on circular platforms in the foreground and background of the photo.




The gamma rays in this process have wavelengths of less than a picometer, a million times smaller than visible light, and are diffracted or bent by the atoms in the calibrated crystals at a particular energy-dependent angle. Using a well-known mathematical formula, scientists can combine these angles with values for the crystal lattice spacing to determine the energy contained in individual gamma ray particles.

Presence and Entanglement

The equivalence principle(29 DEcember 2005 Wiki)

The accuracy of the gamma-ray measurements was typically 1%. The blueshift of a falling photon can be found by assuming it has an equivalent mass based on its frequency E = hf (where h is Planck's constant) along with E = mc2, a result of special relativity. Such simple derivations ignore the fact that in general relativity the experiment compares clock rates, rather than than energies. In other words, the "higher energy" of the photon after it falls can be equivalently ascribed to the slower running of clocks deeper in the gravitational potential well. To fully validate general relativity, it is important to also show that the rate of arrival of the photons is greater than the rate at which they are emitted

From a layman perspective, I am seeing that the nature of the gravitational field in a circumstance where such "strengths and weaknesses" would have been viable property to our way of seeing?

Lensing by showing us, that such avenues would have found the valution of the photon travelling the quickest route?

So, by changing the face of what we had always agreed upon( encapsulating Gr perspective bulit upon Maxwells creations and the geometries), as the way of energy and matter relation, such presence, would have then said, as a force carrier, that in these two cases, I will always be the way you would interpret my being in gravitational context?? You assume the model

So "always" in the "presence" of a gravitational field?

Fifth force(29 Dec 2005 Wiki)

A few physicists think that Einstein's theory of gravity will have to be modified, not at small scales, but at large distances, or, equivalently, small accelerations. They point out that dark matter, dark energy and even the Pioneer anomaly are unexplained by the Standard Model of particle physics and suggest that some modification of gravity, possibly arising from Modified Newtonian Dynamics or the holographic principle. This is fundamentally different from conventional ideas of a fifth force, as it grows stronger relative to gravity at longer distances. Most physicists, however, think that dark matter and dark energy are not ad hoc, but are supported by a large number of complementary observations and described by a very simple model.

Now, I am having a bit of a problem with the idea of "high energy" being "redshifted" because of the nature of the blackholes gravitational force? IN this case such a presence wouldhave by nature and strength of curvatures would have forced high enegy states to immediately curve backwards. If such blueshigfting is free to penetrate the fastest routes then such signs woudl have gave indication, yet the immediate horizon vicinity, plays havoc on these ideas?

The only way one could ascertain such a state of redshifting, is if "high energy" was evident in proximaty of the blackhole?

Would this be true or false?

Entanglement

Hypercharge (29 Dec 2005 Wiki)

In particle physics, the hypercharge (represented by Y) is the sum of the baryon number B and the flavor charges: strangeness S, charm C, bottomness and topness T, although the last one can be omitted given the extremely short life of the top quark (it decays to other quarks before strong-interacting with other quarks).

Plectics, by Murray Gellman

It is appropriate that plectics refers to entanglement or the lack thereof, since entanglement is a key feature of the way complexity arises out of simplicity, making our subject worth studying.

So by simlifying these ideas of entanglement, we find a model building from the orientation supplied by Murray Gellman, where expeirmentatin and hisortical pursuate have created a legitamate question about what Penrose might ask of a New quantum world view?




Secondly, entanglement issues were progressive, and historically this helps clear up the issues of spooky?


While dissident took us fastidiously to Hooft, I could also interject with Penrose?

But in doing so, such progressions from "simplifed states of plectics" would have taken us through a whole host of idealization in terms's of "dimensional significance," had we adopted Hooft's holographical vision?

If by Hooft's very beginnings, we had thought deeply about the progresions he had taken us too, then how would such developements have looked, if we were the prisoners, and the light behind us, pointed to the shadows on thew wall?

Xtra dimensions

In the Beginning.....

The field of cosmology has experienced an explosion of activity since the discovery of ripples in the energy of the primordial light of the big bang. Cosmology is the study of the origin, evolution, and fate of objects in the observable universe. These include galaxies like our Milky Way, a vast collection of stars spanning many thousands of light years. The key to the birth and evolution of such objects lies in the primordial ripples observed through light shining through from the early universe.

Having learnt from Wayne Hu and his CMB info study, it help me see where the hills and Valleys might have attained some recognition in how one landscape might have been seen in relation to Wayne Hu's.

Cosmologists actually run computer simulations to track how matter collects into valleys. For example, here is a simulation running forward in time which shows how particles collect and enhance small initially small wrinkles

Thank you Wayne Hu to opening the doors to the realizations that I had formed in the ideas of the supersymmetrical Universe. Little did you know that Andrey's picture would set the course for how I saw the Cosmic string arise from such a background.



Develope our views into the CSL Pictures here. I wanted to take this time to thank Lubos Motl for his continued efforts in this direction.

CSL-1 cosmic string gravitational lens and 2 more, with many views of the Capodimonte Deep Field OACDF2 with subtle background features, similar to recent Millennium Simulation of evolution of structure in our Universe. Identical stereo pairs are introduced.

So to then, if such a trail leads us to what that geometical propensity is, how so from such a tale of quantum gravity? It had to lead from something, so from the beginning.......? :)

Modification To GR

Sean Carroll:

Why three dimensions of space just aren't enough?

What does General Relativity say in terms of a simple word to describe it? "Gravity?"

“This is what’s happening all the time within us, we have these little lava lamps,” said Frank Wilczek in his Nobel lecture in 2004 when he showed this QCD animation created by Derek Leinweber. The animation illustrates the fluctuations of the quark and gluon fields over time, revealing a lumpy structure that Leinweber dubbed the QCD lava lamp.

So modifications to Gr bring perspective to lead us to other views in terms of xtra-dimensional analysis(degrees of freedom at a gluonic level)? Can I say this in regard to such things as xtra dimensional analysis?

Of course mine is a generalization spoken from the idea of what Eric Aldeberger might find, but this did not limit the scope of vision that would have moved us beyond the fifth postulate. Non euclidean geometries, were very hepful here and so too, hyperdimensional thinking?

Relativistic Jets: The Common Physics of AGN, Microquasars and Gamma-Ray Bursts

Reimann then thought there would come a time to see such thinking expressed beyond just the positive expressions in spherical relations? Jets, in relation, to Anti-matter creation? A whole new abstract way of thinking in the mathematical realms?

So what had radiation and CFT showed us from Bekenstein bound, as we peered into the inside of the blackhole construction? What geoemtries existed? Was there a emergent geometric principal. Of course, that is in question, and the degrees of freedom would spell the depths to what we were able to see? That did not stop us from talking about the substance of quantum Geometry as Greene explained to us.

What value did the temperatures play in our assessment of the internal dynamics of what would have happpened from a the grvaiational collapse generated and the radiation, that would hav been emitted. Acoustic radiation helps to a degree.

Thank you Smolin for such a responsible attitude of the science position of Glast, but it now has to induce new insight by adopting other theoretical positions?

Religious Convictions and Belief

I as a layman do operate from a biased position, and one that would have asked for a better respect of the scientific procedure, as Peter Woit and those of science would ask us as layman in our demonstrations.

Would I accept the responsibilty of Sean atheistic valuations, in our determinations of what we can be held accounatble as to the repercussions of our very actions. In our thoughts, that would ripple ever wider, as a consequence of our choices?

Yes I think deeply about these things, and they are far distant from the responsibilities of science, but I needed to show this, so it is understood that I accept that responsibility, even though I too might have had a belief about God and and our roles in choosing to evolve?

I quickly generalized Relativity above, and so too, did my journey to have been thinking about a simplification in general conceptualizations of those extra dimensions.

Was it wrong to do so in light of the need for sound thinking right now? I have to apologize for that too, as this is biased in my views from such a simplifcation.

There is a result in thinking about the measure of those extra dimensions, and what had been missing from the initial energy determinations calculated. Where is that missing energy?

Did such a simple logic not recognize that associated in this energy valuation, to reductionist principles, that this would be sent off into some other dimensional recognition of the values of that energy along side of modification to General relativity?

There had to be a consistancy lead from to incorporate such thinking to simplfications in general concepts and views I have about the psychological prospects of causes of our thought processes. To have ramifications beyond the border of our own brains. But this is just me right now. So I don't want to mislead anyone.

Further Speculations

Sometimes I can't but help think that we currently in a blackhole that driven to expansitory values and curent CMB temepratures made me think, that if we saw the expansion process as inhernet in this universe, then why is it not that we see we are in such a Blackhole? Is this wrong?

Then what value these Suns that still burn within this context, and such distance between the objects of space seen in a cosmological distance? More speculation that I send such thoughts of mine to the beginings of the universe and what interactive features sent this universe into it's expansion process? What stage are we atthen, to have been held at a certain process in the blackholes status, to have thought about the big crunch signal by the very initial response and distance of the schwarzchild radius that preceded this expansive view?

Inverse Square law, to explain the value of these determinations, as to what would exist on our horizon?

Forgive me as I lost myself in such thoughts.

From Experience to Metaphors on Cosmic Variance

Most of you know who Alice is Right? Well Alice isa fictional story for those of you who don't know, the story of the Looking Glass has become synonmous witha a photon's flight into Young's other side.

I do not think I am held in to high a esteem, although my work and struggle has been to pierce the veil of illusions that could mistakenly take one down the wrong informational path. So the title above is quite fitting in a professional sense I guess. But yes I will persevere, to try my best and show historical context of where we have already been, so people understand this has not just been be a one night stand with science, but a life long one, without credentials.

So what did I mean by writing this following comment? Withn this comment I created this link here, to fast track people to today's culminative views on what Alice is now witnesssing from her metaphorical world.

I like your article Sean.

Even Penrose had to seek the help of Escher.

I mentioned Alice briefly in relation to the photonic journey, but realistically this adventure from mathematics to the fabled story has indeed capture the mind in what Alice is doing today. You see?

Spooky action at a distance has been extended from to issues of quantum entanglement, yet in it’s history, this was the world on the other side(Hyphephysics has a geometrical valuation in algebraic geometry(NOn communitative)?

So “piece meal” physics of imagination and experimentation, has move the metaphorial mind to consider “other experiments” as you suggest in this extension.

Yes there are dangers as well. But these are eliminated once engaged in the reality makng process.

Alice in Wonderland, A real World Fantasy



By creating the link in the picture above I am directing attention to what has historcally come out of that past as well as directing the mind to consider how math derivatives can blossom into dynamical situations, in representation not only of Feyman's toy models, but of what Lewis Carroll did in hs mathematical state of mind, to purposefully generate consensus in a fictional model.

The Looking Glast

To a World on the other side?



I mean for me it was a interesting analogy to have considered that if a photon was emitted through what value would all these paths be, if we were to see what arises on the screen? Young's experiement wa sindeed quite interesting to consider. So had I define the spac eand journey that photon could take?

So we have these people now who are working on one aspect of Cern and the LHC that will look at how Alice, now becomes witness to the wonderfuls works of a long string of researchers, scientists who are coming together to create this reality. But does it end with Cern. Of course not. The very title I imparted to Glast or Glass, highlights this continuance and effort to measurte early universe information and the design of the calorimeter is crucial here.

So let me fast track again for you to the Alice of Cern, to now engage what Glast has accomplished. These trains of thought have no one other then myself to consider, because it was in my not understading these issues that I moved into the world of science and laid myself open to the shots that good men and woman would have, about the lessser in knowledge, and those who had not earned the "right to speak?" I am outside academia, looking in:)

So what do I do without trying to infringe on copy right but enlist pictures and quotation from article such as this that follows to direct attention to such accomplishements. Such that are culminative from a fictional and fantastical world derived from some early history. Is it myth that I create or the contued updating of what had been accomplishe by such iteractive feature of events inthat early cosmo to what is evident in the calorimetric view today. We had set the parameters of such interactions that we now have a model whch we will use inthat satellite. We will witnes the SR views that Smolin and other sare being tuff with before ever entetaining the completed version of GR as a extension of geometrical realites set in a hyperdimensioal sense. That is not acceptable to them?

Second Glast Tower Installed By Matthew Early Wright

GLAST has started to take physical shape with the installation of the second tracking tower last month. Now the team can perform the first tests ever of multiple towers in the grid array. Researchers expect to learn much about how the towers and the analysis software will cooperate to eventually produce sharp images of the gamma-ray sky.

So I understand why Smolin and others like this road to confirmation of early universe considerations and tangible proofs to the realities of interactive phases taking us as close as they can. Why such a pricipal based in SRian revolutions are quite acceptable to them becuase of ths science status seen there.

Shall we disavow the roads to theoretcial developement then, or shall we say, that all fictional stories have a basis to them? The real world functions, roads that lead from? What basis are these then in our exploratory views?

Well I have shown one year's worth. If you check my dates of two image links, where the Alice pictures are involved. Does it mean, that I have not been paying my dues as the years have passed? On the contrary, the internal motivation does not need approval or to be paid, for it is more of the interest I have in this reality, to explain nature's hidden aspect and views of alternate pathways. INductive/deductive pulses, to develope forward, and grow with where society is currently housing these scientists in their endeavors.

Yes I might be the pizza man behind the counter, or, the individual that sits next to you on the airplane. I may not sit at your dinner table, but I am, and have been host to the family. The extended family, that although not on par with the scientific updatea nd talk in a communal dialogue, injects humour, and tidbits to spark the wonder in their own observational eye about life.

How we can greatly effect those around us, by example, and quiet invisibility, by the images and impacts that we can inject into that same family called society. But really this is just a sample view about one aspect of reality that scientists have to offer.

There are indeed unscientific views that are made up in our individuality. As emotive forces that act as undercurrents and "emotive" society. Could these be wild in my speculations, that the world is much like "this Onion" to have said, these are culminative views about a planet whose consciousness is developing in stages as well. That global perspective would have assigned hotspots in the world of color valuations, in that same global warring perspective? Color then, would be very dynamic, if we changed our views on how we see the world in other foundational perspectives.

The Earth in Gamma Rays

This is a false-color image of the Earth in three gamma-ray energy bands, analogous to the colors red (lower energy), green (mid energy) and blue (higher energy) in the visible spectrum. The lower right shows a composit image.(Image credit: NASA/CGRO/EGRET/ Dirk Petry)

But Petry created this gamma-ray Earth image to better understand the impact of "local" cosmic-ray and gamma-ray interactions on an upcoming NASA mission called GLAST, the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope. GLAST is planned for launch in 2007. Its main instrument, the Large Area Telescope, is essentially EGRET's successor.

Kilometric Radiation?

So we use physics in ways to change the way we see? Here are some examles from the Cassini Project and Wikipedia.

Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)
The Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) is a direct sensing instrument that measures the energy and electrical charge of particles such as electrons and protons that the instrument encounters. CAPS will measure the molecules originating from Saturn's ionosphere and also determine the configuration of Saturn's magnetic field. CAPS will also investigate plasma in these areas as well as the solar wind within Saturn's magnetosphere.[1]

Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA)

The Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA) is a direct sensing instrument that measures the size, speed, and direction of tiny dust grains near Saturn. Some of these particles are orbiting Saturn, while others may come from other solar systems. The Cosmic Dust Analyzer onboard the Cassini orbiter is ultimately designed to help discover more about these mysterious particles, and significantly add to the knowledge of the materials in other celestial bodies and potentially more about the origins of the universe.[2]

Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)

The Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) is a remote sensing instrument that measures the infrared light coming from an object (such as an atmosphere or moon surface) to learn more about its temperature and what it's made of. Throughout the Cassini-Huygens mission, CIRS will measure infrared emissions from atmospheres, rings and surfaces in the vast Saturn system to determine their composition, temperatures and thermal properties. It will map the atmosphere of Saturn in three dimensions to determine temperature and pressure profiles with altitude, gas composition, and the distribution of aerosols and clouds. This instrument will also measure thermal characteristics and the composition of satellite surfaces and rings.[3]

Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS)

The Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) is a direct sensing instrument that analyzes charged particles (like protons and heavier ions) and neutral particles (like atoms) near Titan and Saturn to learn more about their atmospheres. INMS is intended also to measure the positive ion and neutral environments of Saturn's icy satellites and rings.[4]

Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)

The Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) is a remote sensing instrument that captures images in visible light, and some in infrared and ultraviolet light. The ISS has a camera that can take a broad, wide-angle picture and a camera that can record small areas in fine detail. Scientists anticipate that Cassini scientists will be able to use ISS to return hundreds of thousands of images of Saturn and its rings and moons. ISS includes two cameras; a Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and a Narrow Angle Camera (NAC). Each uses a sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) as its detector. Each CCD consists of a 1,024 square array of pixels, 12 μm on a side. The camera's system allows for many data collection modes, including on-chip data compression. Both cameras are fitted with spectral filters that rotate on a wheel—to view different bands within the electromagnetic spectrum ranging from 0.2 to 1.1 μm.[5]

Dual Technique Magnetometer (MAG)

The Dual Technique Magnetometer (MAG) is a direct sensing instrument that measures the strength and direction of the magnetic field around Saturn. The magnetic fields are generated partly by the intensely hot molten core at Saturn's center. Measuring the magnetic field is one of the ways to probe the core, even though it is far too hot and deep to actually visit. MAG's goals are to develop a three-dimensional model of Saturn's magnetosphere, as well as determine the magnetic state of Titan and its atmosphere, and the icy satellites and their role in the magnetosphere of Saturn.[6]

Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)

The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) is both a direct and remote sensing instrument that produces images and other data about the particles trapped in Saturn's huge magnetic field, or magnetosphere. This information will be used to study the overall configuration and dynamics of the magnetosphere and its interactions with the solar wind, Saturn's atmosphere, Titan, rings, and icy satellites.[7]

Radio Detection and Ranging Instrument (RADAR)

The Radio Detection and Ranging Instrument (RADAR) is a remote active and remote passive sensing instrument that will produce maps of Titan's surface and measures the height of surface objects (like mountains and canyons) by bouncing radio signals off of Titan's surface and timing their return. Radio waves can penetrate the thick veil of haze surrounding Titan. In addition to bouncing radio waves, the RADAR instrument will listen for radio waves that Saturn or its moons may be producing.[8]

Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument (RPWS)

The Radio and Plasma Wave Science instrument (RPWS) is a direct and remote sensing instrument that receives and measures the radio signals coming from Saturn, including the radio waves given off by the interaction of the solar wind with Saturn and Titan. The major functions of the RPWS are to measure the electric and magnetic wave fields in the interplanetary medium and planetary magnetospheres. The instrument will also determine the electron density and temperature near Titan and in some regions of Saturn's magnetosphere. RPWS studies the configuration of Saturn's magnetic field and its relationship to Saturn Kilometric Radiation (SKR), as well as monitoring and mapping Saturn's ionosphere, plasma, and lightning from Saturn's (and possibly Titan's) atmosphere.[9]

Radio Science Subsystem (RSS)

The Radio Science Subsystem (RSS) is a remote sensing instrument that uses radio antennas on Earth to observe the way radio signals from the spacecraft change as they are sent through objects, such as Titan's atmosphere or Saturn's rings, or even behind the sun. The RSS also studies the compositions, pressures and temperatures of atmospheres and ionospheres, radial structure and particle size distribution within rings, body and system masses and gravitational waves. The instrument uses the spacecraft X-band communication link as well as S-band downlink and Ka-band uplink and downlink.[10]

Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)

The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) is a remote sensing instrument that captures images of the ultraviolet light reflected off an object, such as the clouds of Saturn and/or its rings, to learn more about their structure and composition. Designed to measure ultraviolet light over wavelengths from 55.8 to 190 nm, this instrument is also a valuable tool to help determine the composition, distribution, aerosol particle content and temperatures of their atmospheres. This sensitive instrument is different from other types of spectrometers because it can take both spectral and spatial readings. It is particularly adept at determining the composition of gases. Spatial observations take a wide-by-narrow view, only one pixel tall and 60 pixels across. The spectral dimension is 1,024 pixels per spatial pixel. Additionally, it is capable of taking so many images that it can create movies to show the ways in which this material is moved around by other forces.[11]

Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)

The Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) is a remote sensing instrument that is actually made up of two cameras in one: one is used to measure visible wavelengths, the other infrared. VIMS captures images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan. VIMS also observes the sunlight and starlight that passes through the rings to learn more about ring structure. VIMS is designed to measure reflected and emitted radiation from atmospheres, rings and surfaces over wavelengths from 0.35 to 5.1 mm. It will also help determine the compositions, temperatures and structures of these objects. With VIMS, scientists also plan to perform long-term studies of cloud movement and morphology in the Saturn system, to determine the planet's weather patterns.[12]

So how does String/M theory change the way we see?

The calorimeter design for GLAST produces flashes of light that are used to determine how much energy is in each gamma-ray. A calorimeter ("calorie-meter") is a device that measures the energy (heat: calor) of a particle when it is totally absorbed.

Smolin added his contribution to the string theory discussion on the new Cosmicvariance.com site that has been created by a group of people that offer perspective. In this case Sean Carroll posted a thread on Two Cheers for String theory, provoked some iteresting responses by minds who are at the forefront of these conversations.

I responded to this becuase I had been following both avenues Smolin spoke too, so I'll put my comment here as well.

This topic thread was develope from my reactions based on those who call people who are trying hard to integrate views of the natural world with the physics ideology of the topic of Strings?M theory, these fellows present. If they can not show us these new views as Smolin offers for inspection then what use the models and theories if no onne wants to se these work in the world we undrstand well by seeing around us?

While some people are looking for consistant means of determinations, others apply "conceptual situations" and bring forth comprehension of a kind. Now to this degree, that "gluonic perception is being adjusted" to see these values. The Smolins and others understood well the limitation of these views? Are there any?

Radio sounds from the source

All of the structures we observe in Saturn's radio spectrum are giving us clues about what might be going on in the source of the radio emissions above Saturn's auroras," said Dr. Bill Kurth, deputy principal investigator for the instrument. He is with the University of Iowa, Iowa City. Kurth made the discovery along with Principal Investigator Don Gurnett, a professor at the University. "We believe that the changing frequencies are related to tiny radio sources moving up and down along Saturn's magnetic field lines."

Has Sound, Changed the way we See?

Most of us understand the the aurora display do we not, and the resulting interactive play between the sun and the earth? The Auger experiment previously talked about and spoken too, by John Ellis, is a fine example of the diversity of interative features we can hope to see, as we examine the particle nature apart from the LHC rules of energy engagement, above and beyond the limits that have been imposed on us earthlings:)


The Fly's Eye and the Oh My God Particle

While the topic is produced for this conversation seems disjointed, the ideology of the string theorist is held to a boundry of thinking in my eyes that such a membrane( here I could link a toy model for comparison), and defined in this bubble context, as rudimentry as it appears in my mind's eye, it follows the developemental processes we see from the eulicidation Einstein offered us by joining Maxwell into the process unfolding in nature and to see the effect of any bulk production as a necessary step beyond the boudaries of this bubble?


Now in contrast I see the soapy bubble and light refraction dispalyed in such a lovely continuous flow over it's surface, that to me, it does not make sense if such auroric dispalyes are not to give us new ideas about the interactive feature of the sun with earth? Conceptually, thes ideas of hitting metal plates and such present new ideas in how dispersion across that plate could represent other ideas. What are those. Wel that's what I am trying to do is free the mind from th econstraints we had put on it in sucha strick language accompany those that step ahead of us in their own specualtions educationally followed doctrine. What new light and thinking patterns follow these people?

The auroral ionosphere is a natural emitter of radio waves, and many of these emissions are observable at ground level. Several types of radio emissions have been well documented using a variety of ground-based, stepped-frequency receivers (see reviews by LaBelle [1989] and LaBelle and Weatherwax, [1992]). In particular, auroral roar is a relatively narrowband emission at roughly 2 and 3 times the local electron cyclotron frequency ( ) [Kellogg and Monson, 1979; Kellogg and Monson, 1984; Weatherwax et al., 1993, 1995]. Much effort has been made in characterizing the seasonal, diurnal, and spectral characteristics of auroral roar to aid in determining its generation mechanism [e.g., Weatherwax et al., 1995.

See also:

http://www-pw.physics.uiowa.edu/plasma-wave/tutorial/examples.html

News articles shamelessy borrowed:

Space Music

The Musical Sounds of Space

'Sun Rings' Shares the Music of
Space

Quartet, Choir Debut NASA's 'Space Music'

Out of This World

Music of the Stars

Music of the Spheres

NASA Music Out of This World

Sun Rings

Turning Sounds From Space Into a Symphony

Science and Music Merge for Fall Concert

UI Space Physicist's Sounds of Space Inspire Work of Art

Coulomb Interactions, Thomson Scatterings

I think most people understand this stuff, and that experiment is the most efficient way of dealing with this issue. Even if we understand the matrix developemental view it's shortcoming are well expressed by others in that field of quantum grvaity. That could have easily helped orientate further constructive processes in that same respect.

John Ellis:

To my mind, one of the most plausible extensions of the Standard Model is supersymmetry (just look at the subjects of my research papers!), so could the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model have created the matter in the Universe?

John Ellis and the views about the supersymmetrical are really more in depth then the suttle words listed and spoken about by some. String Theorists knew how far this went?:)

Peter Woit said,

Certainly some people should be working on quantum gravity, especially if they are doing it in a non-overhyped way, trying to really seriously understand the technical issues involved. The LQG community appears to be doing this. But, personally, I don't have any ideas about how to start from thinking about quantum gravity and get to particle physics, whereas I do see some hope that if one better understands the structure of the standard model, one may be able to get to quantum gravity from there.

Posted by Peter Woit at May 30, 2005 05:22 PM

While some people are looking for consistant means of determinations, others apply "conceptual situations" and bring forth comprehension of a kind. Now to this degree, that "gluonic perception is being adjusted" to see these values. The Smolins and others understood well the limitation of these views? Are there any?

It becomes extremely difficult, as reductionistic processes are further detailed. So how far will this informtaion take us in terms of early universe understanding? Througha comsic interactive theme in the expeirments lead by situation in particle interaction in our atmosphere we can direct same particle interaction?

The calorimeter design for GLAST produces flashes of light that are used to determine how much energy is in each gamma-ray. A calorimeter ("calorie-meter") is a device that measures the energy (heat: calor) of a particle when it is totally absorbed.

What will glast do for this comprehension, understanding well the Calorimetric view of information given to us about those early universe situations?

Remember that the age is determined by the dark matter density. Mathematically, the length is roughly the geometric mean of the mean free path and the distance light can travel without obstruction (the horizon scale).

Gamma Ray Detection

A important point here is that there should be coincidental features in gamma ray detection, that should align with LIGO detectors?

Why are two installations necessary?

At least two detectors located at widely separated sites are essential for the unequivocal detection of gravitational waves. Local phenomena such as micro-earthquakes, acoustic noise, and laser fluctuations can cause a disturbance at one site, simulating a gravitational wave event, but such disturbances are unlikely to happen simultaneously at widely separated sites.

Lubos said::

The LIGO collaboration informed that the second science run did not detect any gravitational waves. The results follow from 10-day-long observations in early 2003 (two more science runs have been made ever since)

A current blackhole has been detected and so should LIGO detect it. So how long should we wait if findings are only now being conisdered from 2003 run?

Scientists have detected a flash of light from across the Galaxy so powerful that it bounced off the Moon and lit up the Earth's upper atmosphere. The flash was brighter than anything ever detected from beyond our Solar System and lasted over a tenth of a second. NASA and European satellites and many radio telescopes detected the flash and its aftermath on December 27, 2004. Two science teams report about this event at a special press event today at NASA headquarters.

Journey to a Black Hole

A direct image of gravity at its extreme will be of fundamental importance to Physics. Yet imaging a black hole requires a million times improvement over Chandra. That's a big step. Over the next 20 years, the Cosmic Journeys missions will take us closer and closer to a black hole though the power of resolution. Each successive mission will further us in our journey by 10- or 100-fold increases in resolution, step by step as we approach our goal of zooming in a million times closer. And each stop along the way will bring us new understandings of the nature of matter and energy.

GLAST is a gamma-ray observatory mission that will observe jets of particles that shoot away in opposite regions from a supermassive black hole at near the speed of light. We do not fully understand how a black hole, which is known for pulling matter in, can generate high-speed jets that stretch out for billions of miles. Galaxies that harbor black holes with a jet aimed in our direction are called blazars, as opposed to quasars, which have their jets aimed in other directions. GLAST, up to 50 times more sensitive than previous gamma-ray observatories, will stare down the barrel of these jets to unlock the mechanism of how the enigmatic jets form. The Constellation-X mission will probe the inner disk of matter swirling into a black hole, using spectroscopy to journey 1,000 times closer to a black hole than any other mission before it. With such resolution, Constellation-X will be able to measure the mass and spin of black holes, two key properties. This X-ray mission will also map the distortions of space-time predicted by Einstein. Constellation-X draws its superior resolution by pooling the resources of four X-ray satellites orbiting in unison into one massive X-ray telescope. The ARISE mission will produce radio-wave images from the base of supermassive black hole jets with resolution 100,000 times sharper than Hubble. Such unprecedented resolution can reveal how black holes are fed and how jets are created. ARISE will attain this resolution through interferometry. This technique is used today with land-based radio telescopes. Smaller radio telescopes spread out on land -- perhaps one mile apart -- can work together to generate a single, huge radio telescope with the collecting power of a one-mile radio dish. ARISE will utilize one large radio telescope in space with many other radio telescopes on Earth, bringing what is now a land-based technology to new heights.

New NASA Satellite to Study Black Hole Birth and Gamma Ray Bursts

The Swift observatory comprises three telescopes, which work in tandem to provide rapid identification and multi- wavelength follow-up of GRBs and their afterglows. Within 20 to 75 seconds of a detected GRB, the observatory will rotate autonomously, so the onboard X-ray and optical telescopes can view the burst. The afterglows will be monitored over their durations, and the data will be rapidly released to the public.

See:

Longitudinal and Transverse Information about the Energy Deposition Pattern

The Calorimetric View?

CERN and Future Experiments

I needed to come back down to earth for a minute to see where the trend is going with those who shall lead us poor earthlings into the future of experimental research and profound understandings.

It would be nice to see perspectives by Lubos, PeterWoit the group here(meaning their blogs), as we look in this direction for a moment? Peter might be able to set his Dirac Moduli space views here?:)

Peter Woit for emphasizing the importance of the Dirac operator on the moduli space of Calabi-Yau four-folds and the importance of string theory to him.

The next step will again be taken in Japan, with the new J-PARC accelerator starting in 2009 to send neutrinos almost 300 km, again to the Super-Kamiokande experiment, to probe the third neutrino mixing angle that has not yet been detected in either atmospheric or solar neutrino experiments. This may also be probed in a new experiment being proposed for the Fermilab NuMI beam. One of the ideas proposed at CERN is to probe this angle with an underwater experiment moored in the Gulf of Taranto off the coast of Italy, viewing neutrinos in a modified version of CERN's current Gran Sasso beam.

So having quickly gone today I went to look at John Ellis site, and was formally introduced to some of the things that have been happening with him and avenues of experimentation that seem very interesting to me.

High Energy Physics Group

The Theory of Cosmic Rays

Cosmic rays, which have historically provided the first tool to study high-energy phenomena, are playing a new role in modern physics. The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays and neutrinos is still an open question in astrophysics. On-going and future experiments will give us new information on astrophysical sources and on high-energy processes.

It still retains high energy considerations even in face of LHC questions about particle reductionism and the effects of dynamical interrelations as we see this travel in neutrino functions. I wanted to point to further information here in terms of micro-state black-hole detection. I get this soon.

2004 promises to be an exceptionally exciting year in General Relativity and Gravitation: the LIGO/VIRGO/GEO/TAMA network of detectors has begun generating scientific results, ushering in the era of gravitational wave astronomy. These detectors will search for gravitational wave signals of the collision of black holes, neutron star mergers and other astronomical events previously undetectable. The fundamentally new science of gravitational wave astronomy opens up a new window on the universe. Up until now, astronomy has relied on observations of electromagnetic wave signals (e.g. visible light, radio waves). The detection of gravitational waves offers a completely new perspective on the universe: they will enable us to "hear" the cosmic orchestra as well as to see it! GR17 will provide the scientific community with one of the earliest opportunities to discuss the first scientific results of this era.

I wanted to add a little more information here to further bolster this idealization that I have found in Brian Greene's statement about turning our views skyward in the hope of seeing strings and cosmological thinking in a new way.

Flight of the Phenix

If mini black holes can be produced in high-energy particle interactions, they may first be observed in high-energy cosmic-ray neutrino interactions in the atmosphere. Jonathan Feng of the University of California at Irvine and MIT, and Alfred Shapere of the University of Kentucky have calculated that the Auger cosmic-ray observatory, which will combine a 6000 km2 extended air-shower array backed up by fluorescence detectors trained on the sky, could record tens to hundreds of showers from black holes before the LHC turns on in 2007.

Shakespearean Quandry?

e^- or not to e⁺ :)

Light-matter interaction

Low energy phenomena  Photoelectric effect
Mid-energy phenomena  Compton scattering
High energy phenomena  Pair production

Part of the realization is that if we encounter this dynamical universe with ways to intuitive glance at the interplay of this black and white, I was drawn to the idealization of the matrices, and their involvement?

Pair Production

Every known particle has an antiparticle; if they encounter one another, they will annihilate with the production of two gamma-rays. The quantum energies of the gamma rays is equal to the sum of the mass energies of the two particles (including their kinetic energies). It is also possible for a photon to give up its quantum energy to the formation of a particle-antiparticle pair in its interaction with matter.

This is very touchy area for me, but I endeavor to what Glast determinations are revealling, as we move to consider the relevance of this interactive feature of the dark matter energy, in regards to the cosmological movement revealled by the Friedmann equation.

We needed this question of Shakespeare, to move our minds to the question of the ever constant becoming, to know that it would manifest in this cyclical nature of rejuvenation. Where blackhole and gravitonic condensation, can become viable features of phase state changes, taking us back the beginning of this universe, now?

Now it's possible that those kinds of laws in physics may be incomplete. It might be that the laws change absolutely with time; that grvaity for instance varies with time and that this inverse square law has a strength which depends on how long it is since the beginning of time. In other words, it's possible that in the future we'll have more understanding of everything and physics may be completed by some kind of statement of how things started which are external tothe laws of physics.

Pg 206 and 207, of Superstrings, A Theory of Everything, by P.C.W.Davies and J. Brown

So lets cosider something else here where such dynamcial realization would point to microstate blackholes. This will follow later for consideration.

Time and Gravity

Einstein wrote

>"...for us physicists believe the separation between past, present, and future is only an illusion, although a convincing one."

After being changed by assuming the views of string theory, something happened in my perspective about understanding the dimensional significance of the history of our existance? Reading and working the GR evolution and seeing what Wheeler and Kip Thorne had done, I was not going to be to easily dismissed by those who do not want to find relevance in this association.

Previously, I have show some detection methods that are being implored to understand what GR has lead us too. What happens when a quantum mechanical view wants to merge as a form of quantum geometry, in these short distances.

The Beginning of Time, by Stephen Hawking

The conclusion of this lecture is that the universe has not existed forever. Rather, the universe, and time itself, had a beginning in the Big Bang, about 15 billion years ago. The beginning of real time, would have been a singularity, at which the laws of physics would have broken down. Nevertheless, the way the universe began would have been determined by the laws of physics, if the universe satisfied the no boundary condition. This says that in the imaginary time direction, space-time is finite in extent, but doesn't have any boundary or edge. The predictions of the no boundary proposal seem to agree with observation. The no boundary hypothesis also predicts that the universe will eventually collapse again. However, the contracting phase, will not have the opposite arrow of time, to the expanding phase. So we will keep on getting older, and we won't return to our youth. Because time is not going to go backwards, I think I better stop now.

It was well evident that we had minds who are engaging thes econcepts and helping us along, it became clear, that the distance from the events of gamma ray burts will have released information at one end of the spectrum that ha sbeen adjust for a finer view of the times in terms of these billions of years?




The measure of this distance has left information for us to consider? Has left traces of these events for us to consider in these detection systems. How much closer has "particle identification," taken us to the source of these events?

Not to shabby with the thinking minds, that we could have gained in perspective with thinking and intelligent beings, who slowly moved us forward in the evolution of our understanding.

=> A Symmetry Breaking Phase Transition

If we understand what that point suggests, we understand well what the planck length has told us to consider, that even for the briefest of moment, the gamma ray burst would have revealled the CMB in its glory, and slowly we see how such consolidations would have materialize in the current temperatures values of that CMB today?

Below is a quote from Green that help me to recognize the energy values assigned in the KK Tower, to have understood the Radius of this circle, has to reveal symmetrical phases in the developement of that same cosmo. I needed a way in which to see how it was possible geommetrically to absorb the variations in the symmetries of events, in that same cosmo such points could have existed at any time? We needed to look for these locations. These blackholes?

How can a speck of a universe be physically identical to the great expanse we view in the heavens above?

The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene, pages 248-249





G -> H -> ... -> SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) -> SU(3) x U(1)

Here, each arrow represents a symmetry breaking phase transition where matter changes form and the groups - G, H, SU(3), etc. - represent the different types of matter, specifically the symmetries that the matter exhibits and they are associated with the different fundamental forces of nature

Figure 8 [replaced by our Figure 2] is to be conceived three-dimensionally, the circles being cross-sections of spherical shells in the plane of the drawing. A man is climbing about on the huge spherical surface 1; by measurements with rigid rods he recognizes it as a spherical shell, i.e. he finds the geometry of the surface of a sphere. Since the third dimension is at his disposal, he goes to spherical shell 2. Does the second shell lie inside the first one, or does it enclose the first shell? He can answer this question by measuring 2. Assume that he finds 2 to be the smaller surface; he will say that 2 is situated inside of 1. He goes now to 3 and finds that 3 is as large as 1.

How is this possible? Should 3 not be smaller than 2? ...

He goes on to the next shell and finds that 4 is larger than 3, and thus larger than 1. ... 5 he finds to be as large as 3 and 1.

But here he makes a strange observation. He finds that in 5 everything is familiar to him; he even recognizes his own room which was built into shell 1 at a certain point. This correspondence manifests itself in every detail; ... He is quite dumbfounded since he is certain that he is separated from surface 1 by the intervening shells. He must assume that two identical worlds exist, and that every event on surface 1 happens in an identical manner on surface 5. (Reichenbach 1958, 63-64)

As you can see Brain Greene's quote at the top of the page was taken from the context of the paragraph below. One of the difficulties in a commoner like me, was trying to piece together how the develpement of the mind of string theorists, could have geometrically defined the relationships on a more abstract level. As strange as it may seem, I found other correpsondances that would have probably shaken the very foundation of our human thinking, that I could not resist looking and following these developements.

The familiar extended dimensions, therefore, may very well also be in the shape of circles and hence subject to the R and 1/R physical identification of string theory. To put some rough numbers in, if the familiar dimensions are circular then their radii must be about as large as 15 billion light-years, which is about ten trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion (R= 1061) times the Planck length, and growing as the universe explands. If string theory is right, this is physically identical to the familiar dimensions being circular with incredibly tiny radii of about 1/R=1/1061=10-61 times the Planck length! There are our well-known familiar dimensions in an alternate description provided by string theory. [Greene's emphasis]. In fact, in the reciprocal language, these tiny circles are getting ever smaller as time goes by, since as R grows, 1/R shrinks. Now we seem to have really gone off the deep end. How can this possibly be true? How can a six-foot tall human being 'fit' inside such an unbelievably microscopic universe? How can a speck of a universe be physically identical to the great expanse we view in the heavens above?

The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene, pages 248-249



I was attracted very early to what I seen in the Klien bottle, that such modelling of these concepts was very striking to me. How could one not have seen some correspondance to the way in which the torus could have been revealled? That one might have considered, such modelling in the shape of our universe, as the point emerged from the brane? This inside/out feature was very troubling to me and still is, that I have endeveaor to follow this line of thinking, alongside of other avenues that were less then appreciated by the scientist/theorist that I have refrained from mentioning it here now.

Figure 15-18b Conformal Changes