Dialogos of Eide: CMB

Showing posts with label CMB. Show all posts

Saturday, February 20, 2016

Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect

The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect (often abbreviated as the SZ effect) is the result of high energy electrons distorting the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering, in which the low energy CMB photons receive an average energy boost during collision with the high energy cluster electrons. Observed distortions of the cosmic microwave background spectrum are used to detect the density perturbations of the universe. Using the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect, dense clusters of galaxies have been observed.

Introduction

The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect can be divided into:

thermal effects, where the CMB photons interact with electrons that have high energies due to their temperature
kinematic effects, a second-order effect where the CMB photons interact with electrons that have high energies due to their bulk motion (also called the Ostriker–Vishniac effect, after Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Ethan Vishniac.^[1])
polarization

Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich predicted the effect, and conducted research in 1969, 1972, and 1980. The Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect is of major astrophysical and cosmological interest. It can help determine the value of the Hubble constant. To distinguish the SZ effect due to galaxy clusters from ordinary density perturbations, both the spectral dependence and the spatial dependence of fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background are used. Analysis of CMB data at higher angular resolution (high l values) requires taking into account the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect.

First detected by Mark Birkinshaw at the University of Bristol

Current research is focused on modelling how the effect is generated by the intracluster plasma in galaxy clusters, and on using the effect to estimate the Hubble constant and to separate different components in the angular average statistics of fluctuations in the background. Hydrodynamic structure formation simulations are being studied to gain data on thermal and kinetic effects in the theory.^[2] Observations are difficult due to the small amplitude of the effect and to confusion with experimental error and other sources of CMB temperature fluctuations. However, since the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect is a scattering effect, its magnitude is independent of redshift. This is very important: it means that clusters at high redshift can be detected just as easily as those at low redshift. Another factor which facilitates high-redshift cluster detection is the angular scale versus redshift relation: it changes little between redshifts of 0.3 and 2, meaning that clusters between these redshifts have similar sizes on the sky. The use of surveys of clusters detected by their Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect for the determination of cosmological parameters has been demonstrated by Barbosa et al. (1996). This might help in understanding the dynamics of dark energy in forthcoming surveys (SPT, ACT, Planck).

Timeline of observations

1983 – Researchers from the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory first detect the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect from clusters of galaxies.
1993 – The Ryle Telescope is the first telescope to image a cluster of galaxies in the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect.
2003 – The WMAP spacecraft maps the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) over the whole sky with some (limited) sensitivity to the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect
2005 – The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment – Sunyaev-Zel'dovich camera saw first light and shortly after began pointed observations of galaxy clusters.
2005 – The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich Array each begin surveys for very high redshift clusters of galaxies using the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect
2007 – The South Pole Telescope (SPT) saw first light on 16 February 2007, and began science observations in March of that same year.
2007 – The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) saw first light on 8 June, and will soon begin an SZ survey of galaxy clusters.
2008 – The South Pole Telescope (SPT) discover for the first time galaxy clusters via the SZ effect.
2009 – The Planck spacecraft, launched on 14 May 2009, to realize a full sky SZ survey of galaxy clusters.
2012 – The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) performs the first statistical detection of the kinematic SZ effect.^[3]
2012 – The first detection of the kinematic SZ effect in an object is observed in MACS J0717.5+3745,^[4] confirmed in 2013.^[5]

References

Ostriker, Jeremiah P. & Vishniac, Ethan T. (1986). "Effect of gravitational lenses on the microwave background, and 1146+111B,C". Nature 322 (6082): 804. Bibcode:1986Natur.322..804O. doi:10.1038/322804a0.

Cunnama D., Faltenbacher F.; Passmoor S., Cress C.; Cress, C.; Passmoor, S. (2009). "The velocity-shape alignment of clusters and the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect". MNRAS Letters 397 (1): L41–L45. arXiv:0904.4765. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.397L..41C. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2009.00680.x.

Hand, Nick; Addison, Graeme E.; Aubourg, Eric; Battaglia, Nick; Battistelli, Elia S.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Bond, J. Richard; Brewington, Howard; Brinkmann, Jon; Brown, Benjamin R.; Das, Sudeep; Dawson, Kyle S.; Devlin, Mark J.; Dunkley, Joanna; Dunner, Rolando; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Fowler, Joseph W.; Gralla, Megan B.; Hajian, Amir; Halpern, Mark; Hilton, Matt; Hincks, Adam D.; Hlozek, Renée; Hughes, John P.; Infante, Leopoldo; Irwin, Kent D.; Kosowsky, Arthur; Lin, Yen-Ting; Malanushenko, Elena; et al. (2012). "Detection of Galaxy Cluster Motions with the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect". Physical Review Letters 109 (4): 041101. arXiv:1203.4219. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109d1101H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.041101. PMID 23006072.

Mroczkowski, Tony; Dicker, Simon; Sayers, Jack; Reese, Erik D.; Mason, Brian; Czakon, Nicole; Romero, Charles; Young, Alexander; Devlin, Mark; Golwala, Sunil; Korngut, Phillip; Sarazin, Craig; Bock, James; Koch, Patrick M.; Lin, Kai-Yang; Molnar, Sandor M.; Pierpaoli, Elena; Umetsu, Keiichi; Zemcov, Michael (2012). "A Multi-wavelength Study of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect in the Triple-merger Cluster MACS J0717.5+3745 with MUSTANG and Bolocam". Astrophysical Journal 761: 47. arXiv:1205.0052. Bibcode:2012ApJ...761...47M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/47 (inactive 2015-01-09).

Sayers, Jack; Mroczkowski, T.; Zemcov, M.; Korngut, P. M.; Bock, J.; Bulbul, E.; Czakon, N. G.; Egami, E.; Golwala, S. R.; Koch, P. M.; Lin, K.-Y.; Mantz, A.; Molnar, S. M.; Moustakas, L.; Pierpaoli, E.; Rawle, T. D.; Reese, E. D.; Rex, M.; Shitanishi, J. A.; Siegel, S.; Umetsu, K. (2013). "A Measurement of the Kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Signal Toward MACS J0717.5+3745". Astrophysical Journal 778: 52. arXiv:1312.3680. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778...52S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/1/52.

External links

Corrupted echoes from the Big Bang? innovations-report.com.
Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect on arxiv.org

Sunday, March 23, 2014

Are Artifacts of CMB Right Next to Me?

Looking back seems strange to me and that if one is to take such a position then evidence must exist in this very moment?

Models of Earlier Events

This may seem like a stupid question to some, but for me it is really about looking at where I exist in the universe and what exists right next to us in the same space. I am not sure if that makes any sense but hopefully somebody out there can help me focus better.

ESA and the Planck Collaboration

The mission's main goal is to study the cosmic microwave background – the relic radiation left over from the Big Bang – across the whole sky at greater sensitivity and resolution than ever before.

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the furthest back in time we can explore using light.

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is detected in all directions of the sky and appears to microwave telescopes as an almost uniform background. Planck’s predecessors (NASA's COBE and WMAP missions) measured the temperature of the CMB to be 2.726 Kelvin (approximately -270 degrees Celsius) almost everywhere on the sky.

So with parsing some of these points from the link associated above with picture, I am not sure if my question has been properly asked.

A discussion about the definition of nothing.

For me then too, I would always wonder about "what nothing is" as that to relates to the question about what can exist right next to me. It was meant to be logical and not metaphysical question, so as to be reduced to those first moments.

***

If BICEP2′s recent result is correct:

” -as big as a large fraction of a percent of the Planck temperature (where the universe would have been hot enough to make black holes just from its own heat) or

– as small as the temperature corresponding to about the energy of the Large Hadron Collider (where it would barely have been hot enough to make Higgs particles)”

History of the Universe-
“not of the whole universe but rather just the part of the universe (called, on this website, “the observable patch of the universe“) that we can observe today,”

Why is this “observable patch” important and where in the CMB map is this located? As strange a question as this might be, can this “observable patch” be right next to us?

So I am constructing a method here to help us see the universe as if I am on a location within this CMB map.

"The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is detected in all directions of the sky and appears to microwave telescopes as an almost uniform background. " -See: ESA and Planck Collaboration

So of course you look at the map, and for me, I wonder where we are located on that map. So with regard to that particular patch what does the background look like?-

"The contents point to a Euclidean flat geometry, with curvature (\Omega_{k}) of −0.0027+0.0039 −0.0038. The WMAP measurements also support the cosmic inflation paradigm in several ways, including the flatness measurement."- WMAP

So such a illustration and my question about our location and where we are in that "all sky map(CoBE, WMAP, and PLanck)" tells us something about the region we are in? Right next to us, in this map while seeking our placement, I am curious as to what this region looks like in relation to say another point on that map.

Cosmological parameters from 2013 Planck results^[23]^[24]^[25]
Parameter	Age of the universe (Gy)	Hubble's constant ( ^km⁄_Mpc·s )	Physical baryon density	Physical cold dark matter density	Dark energy density	Density fluctuations at 8h⁻¹ Mpc	Scalar spectral index	Reionization optical depth
Symbol	$t_0$	$H_0$	$\Omega_b h^2$	$\Omega_c h^2$	$\Omega_\Lambda$	$\sigma_8$	$n_s$	$\tau$
Planck Best fit	13.819	67.11	0.022068	0.12029	0.6825	0.8344	0.9624	0.0925
Planck 68% limits	13.813±0.058	67.4±1.4	0.02207±0.00033	0.1196±0.0031	0.686±0.020	0.834±0.027	0.9616±0.0094	0.097±0.038
Planck+lensing Best fit	13.784	68.14	0.022242	0.11805	0.6964	0.8285	0.9675	0.0949
Planck+lensing 68% limits	13.796±0.058	67.9±1.5	0.02217±0.00033	0.1186±0.0031	0.693±0.019	0.823±0.018	0.9635±0.0094	0.089±0.032
Planck+WP Best fit	13.8242	67.04	0.022032	0.12038	0.6817	0.8347	0.9619	0.0925
Planck+WP 68% limits	13.817±0.048	67.3±1.2	0.02205±0.00028	0.1199±0.0027	0.685+0.018 −0.016	0.829±0.012	0.9603±0.0073	0.089+0.012 −0.014
Planck+WP +HighL Best fit	13.8170	67.15	0.022069	0.12025	0.6830	0.8322	0.9582	0.0927
Planck+WP +HighL 68% limits	13.813±0.047	67.3±1.2	0.02207±0.00027	0.1198±0.0026	0.685+0.017 −0.016	0.828±0.012	0.9585±0.0070	0.091+0.013 −0.014
Planck+lensing +WP+highL Best fit	13.7914	67.94	0.022199	0.11847	0.6939	0.8271	0.9624	0.0943
Planck+lensing +WP+highL 68% limits	13.794±0.044	67.9±1.0	0.02218±0.00026	0.1186±0.0022	0.693±0.013	0.8233±0.0097	0.9614±0.0063	0.090+0.013 −0.014
Planck+WP +highL+BAO Best fit	13.7965	67.77	0.022161	0.11889	0.6914	0.8288	0.9611	0.0952
Planck+WP +highL+BAO 68% limits	13.798±0.037	67.80±0.77	0.02214±0.00024	0.1187±0.0017	0.692±0.010	0.826±0.012	0.9608±0.0054	0.092±0.013

So as we look at this map much is told to us about the Cosmological Parameters and what can be defined in this location we occupy.

Parameter	Value	Description
Ω_tot	$1.0023^{+0.0056}_{-0.0054}$	Total density
w	$-0.980\pm0.053$	Equation of state of dark energy
r	$<0.24$ , k₀ = 0.002Mpc⁻¹ (2σ)	Tensor-to-scalar ratio
d n_s / d ln k	$-0.022\pm0.020$ , k₀ = 0.002Mpc⁻¹	Running of the spectral index
Ω_vh²	$< 0.0062$	Physical neutrino density
Σm_ν	$<0.58$ eV (2σ)	Sum of three neutrino masses

See:

***

See Also:

Monday, November 25, 2013

A Universe on the Other Side

"I think people thought that the universe was smaller, yet discoveries in the last century have found there are black holes everywhere, billions of black holes in our universe and each may produce a universe on the other side, like an infinite tree," he said. - See more at: New Hit Film ‘Gravity’ Speaks to Our Endless Fascination with Deep Space - See more at: http://www.noodls.com/view/6061E5510....3rrRV6eS.dpuf

Just to help here given a platform with which to consider, the question of," Dr. Poplawski from the University of New Haven, Connecticut, concluded that each time a black hole forms, a new universe could form within it."

One is always looking for evidence of such things. The very contention of black hole itself has to have had a basis with which to consider. So we may say these black holes are real.

While the subject provides many things to consider how does Dr. Poplawski provide evidence for such a statement of universe within universe?

If you look at closely at align perspectives with which to examine this it may help to look at how one is perceiving the idea of the universe? For cosmology they may say that in a coordinated system there is no before or after, just what exists as is? So any notion of what came before this universe or what is to come after is hard pill to swallow.

For some of us it is not a problem. For me then the idea is that in local regions of the universe, information is crunched in order to be dissipated in the larger universe. This supplies the motivation for expansion, and at the same time the evolving nature of the universe has to have more black holes in order to summat the existence of any cosmological constant that is to be considered positive?

The question of entropy, as it existed in the early universe? How does this figure into the ability for any new universe to form? You are confronted with the notion of a symmetry existing in the early universe for the nature of entropy to follow the path it is today? How could any universe have existed as a fundamental reality of the current universe?

BEFORE THE BIG BANG: AN OUTRAGEOUS NEW PERSPECTIVE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS

For example.

In 2010, Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan published a preprint of a paper claiming that observations of the cosmic microwave background made by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and the BOOMERanG experiment showed concentric anomalies which were consistent with the CCC hypothesis, with a low probability of the null hypothesis that the observations in question were caused by chance.[5] However, the statistical significance of the claimed detection has since been questioned. Three groups have independently attempted to reproduce these results, but found that the detection of the concentric anomalies was not statistically significant, in the sense that such circles would appear in a proper Gaussian simulation of the anisotropy in the CMB data.[6][7][8]

The reason for the disagreement was tracked down to an issue of how to construct the simulations that are used to determine the significance: The three independent attempts to repeat the analysis all used simulations based on the standard Lambda-CDM model, while Penrose and Gurzadyan used an undocumented non-standard approach.[9]Conformal cyclic cosmology

So for some who hold entropy as a subjective examination of the reality with which we live now, how can one exist as a viewer of the larger universe that contains all these other universe being respective of the arrow of time??

Can disorder precede order as a question of what came first as to the existence of the universe? The chicken or egg question. The idea then that the overarching principle here is an arrow of time, such hypothesis to consider needs a factor with which to consider such expansion being supported by some factors given to what can exist as a fundamental reality in those local regions of the universe.

Sunday, June 02, 2013

All-sky map

All-sky map of the CMB, created from 9 years of WMAP data

Comparison of CMB results from COBE, WMAP and Planck – March 21, 2013.

Working out what happened in the moments after the Big Bang is difficult. Scientists can come up with theories, but in the end they are useful only if they can be tested. Nobel prizewinner Robert Laughlin is passionate about experiments. He challenges the students in this film, and laureate David Gross, to come up with ways to test our big ideas about the Universe. The two laureates make a bet. Watch the film to find out more and to decide who wins.See:Betting on the cosmos - with David Gross and Robert Laughlin

See Also:

Friday, March 22, 2013

Our Baby Universe with Ed Copeland and Planck Satellite

Where do the seeds of structure in our Universe come from, and why does our Universe appear the way it does? In this talk, Ed explores what happened in those earliest moments that lead to the Universe forming itself into what it is today. He also tells us a bit of a story about how the theories were developed, and who the scientists were behind them.Our Baby Universe: Ed Copeland at TEDxUoN

Cosmic microwave background seen by Planck

The ESA's Planck satellite, dedicated to studying the early universe, was launched on May 2009 and has been surveying the microwave and submillimetre sky since August 2009. In March 2013, ESA and the Planck Collaboration publicly released the initial cosmology products based on the first 15.5 months of Planck operations, along with a set of scientific and technical papers and a web-based explanatory supplement. This paper describes the mission and its performance, and gives an overview of the processing and analysis of the data, the characteristics of the data, the main scientific results, and the science data products and papers in the release. Scientific results include robust support for the standard, six parameter LCDM model of cosmology and improved measurements for the parameters that define this model, including a highly significant deviation from scale invariance of the primordial power spectrum. The Planck values for some of these parameters and others derived from them are significantly different from those previously determined. Several large scale anomalies in the CMB temperature distribution detected earlier by WMAP are confirmed with higher confidence. Planck sets new limits on the number and mass of neutrinos, and has measured gravitational lensing of CMB anisotropies at 25 sigma. Planck finds no evidence for non-Gaussian statistics of the CMB anisotropies. There is some tension between Planck and WMAP results; this is evident in the power spectrum and results for some of the cosmology parameters. In general, Planck results agree well with results from the measurements of baryon acoustic oscillations. Because the analysis of Planck polarization data is not yet as mature as the analysis of temperature data, polarization results are not released. We do, however, illustrate the robust detection of the E-mode polarization signal around CMB hot- and cold-spots. See: Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results

ESA and the Planck Collaboration


Parameter	Symbol	Planck - Best fit (CMB+lensing)	Planck - 68% limits (CMB+lensing)	Planck - Best fit (Planck+WP+highL+BAO)	Planck - 68% limits (Planck+WP+highL+BAO)
Age of the universe (Ga)	$t_0$	13.784	13.796±0.058	13.7965	13.798±0.037
Hubble's constant ( ^km⁄_Mpc·s )	$H_0$	68.14	67.9±1.5	67.77	67.80±0.77
Physical baryon density	$\Omega_b h^2$	0.022242	0.02217±0.00033	0.022161	0.02214±0.00024
Physical cold dark matter density	$\Omega_c h^2$	0.11805	0.1186±0.0031	0.11889	0.1187±0.0017
Dark energy density	$\Omega_\Lambda$	0.6964	0.693±0.019	0.6914	0.692±0.010
Density fluctuations at 8h⁻¹ Mpc	$\sigma_8$	0.8285	0.823±0.018	0.8288	0.826±0.012
Scalar spectral index	$n_s$	0.9675	0.9635±0.0094	0.9611	0.9608±0.0054
Reionization optical depth	$\tau$	0.0949	0.089±0.032	0.0952	0.092±0.013

Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Armitage-Caplan, C.; et al. (Planck Collaboration) (20 March 2013). "Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results". Astronomy & Astrophysics (submitted). arXiv:1303.5062.

See Also:

Thursday, March 17, 2011

Developing Scenario

We can learn about the first fraction of a second, among other things, by studying the polarization pattern of the CMB...Yuki D. Takahashi

I was glad to see link by Bee of Backreaction that expanded on what I had learn previously from Wayne Hu.

[Dr. Kip Thorne, Caltech 01]

My comments in relation to Kip Thorne was in relation to the development of LIGO testing model . To combine all assets of our abilities experimentally in the pursuance of science is to see that the expression of the universe would include "all these things" as demonstrated in Kip Thorne's plate. So while we may look at the energy spectrum of Gamma, we are also looking at part of the expression of science from very minute and particulate understandings as if we would turn to the cosmos and say yes this is part of the view as well.

Tuesday, July 20, 2010

Probing the early and present Universe with Planck

Date: 05 Jul 2010
Satellite: Planck
Copyright: ESA, HFI and LFI consortia

This multi-colour all-sky image of the microwave sky has been synthesized using data spanning the full frequency range of Planck, which covers the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 857 GHz.

The grainy structure of the CMB, with its tiny temperature fluctuations reflecting the primordial density variations from which the cosmic web originated, is clearly visible in the high-latitude regions of the map, where the foreground contribution is not predominant - this is highlighted in the top inset, from the 'first light' survey.See: http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=47343

***

Sunday, March 01, 2009

Gravity Wave Spectrum

PURPOSE: To show the two-dimensional standing waves on the surface of a square or circular plate.

Early perception of sound as analogy to the ideas of the WMAP background were forming in my mind when Wayne HU was demonstrating the image of polarizations in B mode. To me its as if one puts on a pair of glasses and based on an assumption of the gravitational waves, then one tends to see "all of it" in this Lagrangian way.

With the discovery of sound waves in the CMB, we have entered a new era of precision cosmology in which we can begin to talk with certainty about the origin of structure and the content of matter and energy in the universe.Polarization

This was the basis of how I was seeing the progression of Webber's experiments in using the aluminum bars in gravitational wave detection. It was also more then this that I came to the conclusion I did.

***

Sounding out the Big BangJun 1, 2007 by Craig J Hogan is in the departments of physics and astronomy at the University of Washington, Seattle, US.

Our view of the universe is about to change forever. Since science began, all our knowledge of what lies above, below and around us has come from long-familiar forms of energy: light, produced by distant astrophysical objects; and matter, in the form of particles such as cosmic rays. But we are now in a position to study the universe using an entirely different form of energy that until now has never been directly detected – gravitational waves.

Gravitational waves open up a new window on the universe that will allow us to probe events for which no electromagnetic signature exists. In the next few years, the ground-based interferometers GEO-600, LIGO, VIRGO and TAMA should be able to detect the high-frequency gravitational waves produced by extreme astrophysical objects, providing the first direct detection of these disturbances in space–time. With its much longer arm lengths, the space-based interferometer LISA will, if launched, be able to detect lower-frequency gravitational waves, possibly those generated by phase transitions in the early universe. At even lower frequencies, other experiments will look for tiny signatures of gravitational waves in the cosmic microwave background. Source: NASA.

The flow of energy in a cosmic phase transition is similar to that in a waterfall, with turbulence in the cosmic fluid generating a gravitational-wave background today.

***

Sound and fluidized interpretation seemed very close to me of the way in which such analogy would help us to look at the universe and the spaces in between cosmological locations, as if, in a three body problem relation.

The Origin of the Universe as Revealed Through the Polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background submitted by Scott Dodelson Sun, 22 Feb 2009 14:27:37 GMT

Modern cosmology has sharpened questions posed for millennia about the origin of our cosmic habitat. The age-old questions have been transformed into two pressing issues primed for attack in the coming decade: How did the Universe begin? and What physical laws govern the Universe at the highest energies? The clearest window onto these questions is the pattern of polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is uniquely sensitive to primordial gravity waves. A detection of the special pattern produced by gravity waves would be not only an unprecedented discovery, but also a direct probe of physics at the earliest observable instants of our Universe. Experiments which map CMB polarization over the coming decade will lead us on our first steps towards answering these age-old questions.

***

See:

Sound Waves in the CMB

The Sound of the Landscape

Distinctions of Holographical Sound

B Field Manifestations

Saturday, July 29, 2006

What is the False Vacuum?

Quantum Field Theory

Quantum Vacuum:

In classical physics, empty space is called the vacuum. The classical vacuum is utterly featureless. However, in quantum theory, the vacuum is a much more complex entity. The uncertainty principle allows virtual particles (each corresponding to a quantum field) continually materialize out of the vacuum, propagate for a short time and then vanish. These zero-point vibrations mean that there is a zero-point energy associated with any quantum field. Since there are an infinite number of harmonic oscillators per unit volume, the total zero-point energy density is, in fact, infinite. The process of renormalization is usually implemented to yield a zero energy density for the standard quantum vacuum, which is defined as no excitation of field quanta, i.e., no real particles are present. In other word, the quantum vacuum is at a state of minimum energy - the ground state.

You have to be able to envision this movement in what our universe is doing. What is WMAP saying? Other events say what, in the node/anti-nodal?

A Chladni plate consist of a flat sheet of metal, usually circular or square, mounted on a central stalk to a sturdy base. When the plate is oscillating in a particular mode of vibration, the nodes and antinodes set up form a complex but symmetrical pattern over its surface. The positions of these nodes and antinodes can be seen by sprinkling sand upon the plates;

The "quantum harmonic oscillator" and "zero point as a ground state, are the basis of my thinking. :)Energy densities. I needed a way in which to see these events unfolding in the universe. Why I look at WMAPing very seriously. Why I looked at the chaldni plate very early on.

Physically, the effect can be interpreted as an object moving from the "false vacuum" (where = 0) to the more stable "true vacuum" (where = v). Gravitationally, it is similar to the more familiar case of moving from the hilltop to the valley. In the case of Higgs field, the transformation is accompanied with a "phase change", which endows mass to some of the particles

If you look at things in this way I have covered a lot of ground work in terms of what the basis of this universe is? "Nothing," is a extremely hard thing for me to accept when I accept the quantum harmonic oscillator, as the basis of my thinking. I had to be able to describe what I was seeing. So "sound" in analogy became a very important aspect of my research. Became discriptive of what Higgin's the graviton is doing?

If you sprinkle fine sand uniformly over a drumhead and then make it vibrate, the grains of sand will collect in characteristic spots and figures, called Chladni patterns. These patterns reveal much information about the size and the shape of the drum and the elasticity of its membrane. In particular, the distribution of spots depends not only on the way the drum vibrated initially but also on the global shape of the drum, because the waves will be reflected differently according to whether the edge of the drumhead is a circle, an ellipse, a square, or some other shape.

In cosmology, the early Universe was crossed by real acoustic waves generated soon after Big Bang. Such vibrations left their imprints 300 000 years later as tiny density fluctuations in the primordial plasma. Hot and cold spots in the present-day 2.7 K CMB radiation reveal those density fluctuations. Thus the CMB temperature fluctuations look like Chaldni patterns resulting from a complicated three-dimensional drumhead that

String theory is only "topologically equivalent" to the shape and values of those events microscopically/macroscopically at a certain plac einthe unfolding universe? I learnt that the energy densities flunctuations, would give meaning to the place dynamically and geometrically speaking, to the place in time, that is unfolding. What evidence do you have for that if "Higgin's" is strong in some event places and not in others? :)

The star Eta Carina is ejecting a pair of huge lobes that form a "propeller" shape. Jet-like structures are emanating from the center (or "waist"), where the star (quite small on this scale) is located.

Yes, there are many event shapes and they are diverse. But they happen within context of a "larger false vacuum" scenario as I am explaining it, while they make their way to what is "True?"

I had to "go further" then the microseconds, strings inhibit?

The plates can be made visible by mounting a mirror behind the row of plates, angled so that the top of the plates are visible to the audience (same idea as in Polarization by Scattering). Create the optimum angle for the front rows, as the back rows will be looking down on the plates anyway. Make sure the cello bow is nice and tactile by treating it with rosin before the performance. Sprinkle the sand on the plates so that it forms an even cover. Don't overdo the amount.

Saturday, February 20, 2016

Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect

Contents

Introduction

Timeline of observations

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Sunday, March 23, 2014

Are Artifacts of CMB Right Next to Me?

Monday, November 25, 2013

A Universe on the Other Side

Sunday, June 02, 2013

All-sky map

Friday, March 22, 2013

Our Baby Universe with Ed Copeland and Planck Satellite

Thursday, March 17, 2011

Developing Scenario

Tuesday, July 20, 2010

Probing the early and present Universe with Planck

Sunday, March 01, 2009

Gravity Wave Spectrum

Saturday, July 29, 2006

What is the False Vacuum?