SOHO Reads the Solar Flares

Measurements of the Sun's oscillations provide a window into the invisible interior of the Sun allowing scientists to infer the structure and composition as well as the rotation and dynamics of the solar interior.

(Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope) images the solar atmosphere at several wavelengths, and therefore, shows solar material at different temperatures. In the images taken at 304 Angstroms the bright material is at 60,000 to 80,000 degrees Kelvin. In those taken at 171, at 1 million degrees. 195 Angstrom images correspond to about 1.5 million Kelvin. 284 Angstrom, to 2 million degrees. The hotter the temperature, the higher you look in the solar atmosphere.


p-Modes

The mysterious source of these oscillations was identified by way of theoretical arguments in 1970 and confirmed by observations in 1975. The oscillations we see on the surface are due to sound waves generated and trapped inside the sun. Sound waves are produced by pressure fluctuations in the turbulent convective motions of the sun's interior. As the waves move outward they reflect off of the sun's surface (the photosphere) where the density and pressure decrease rapidly..

Seeing Beyond the Mass and Density?

Fig.1: Generally Grouping Order increases the density of objects within a frame of reference, resulting in a more pronounced single object.

To see beyond what we have taken for granted it is important that you understand how we got to the way we are. Above the diagram helps you too orientate these views in accordance with established sciences.

A lot of thought have been going through my mind about what is currently being manifested all around us in terms of all the wavelengths that we are inundating to our environment. Television, cell phones, electric grid lines and all the sorts and I am wondering if, we have basically interrupted, the process in nature that is natural, and supplemented it with human kinds fabrications?

Lets just focus on matter distinctions then for now and how such inundations above might have found some comparative views in what nature decided to do for us. In how it density variations would have aligned themselves over the planet during it's formation?

The distribution of mass over the Earth is non-uniform. GRACE will determine this uneven mass distribution by measuring changes in Earth’s gravity field.The term mass refers to the amount of a substance in a given space, and is directly correlated to the density of that substance. For example, a container filled with a more dense material, like granite, has more mass than that same container filled with water. Because mass and density are directly related, there is also a direct relationship between density and gravity. An increase in density results in an increase in mass, and an increase in mass results in an increase in the gravitational force exerted by an object. Density fluctuations on the surface of the Earth and in the underlying mantle are thus reflected invariations in the gravity field.As the twin GRACE satellites orbit the Earth together, these gravity field variations cause infinitesimal changes in the distance between the two. These changes will be measured with unprecedented accuracy by the instruments aboard GRACE leading to a more precise rendering of the gravitational field than has ever been possible to date.

In looking up the word "in variation" you won't have much luck, but in context of the sentence, it forces you to look back towards the center, from the surface. I think this is right?

Quite early in the developing aspects of my research, I was drawn to statement of the above in regards to mass/density, which could have represented to me the vibration inherent, as sound, in how we would determine this mass? Was it unreasonable to look at what nature had bestowed upon us and wonder, that if such sounding processes within the mantle would have allowed us to determine where the structural integrity of the planet would have sufficed in taking accountability of proper building perspectives.

Clementine color ratio composite image of Aristarchus Crater on the Moon. This 42 km diameter crater is located on the corner of the Aristarchus plateau, at 24 N, 47 W. Ejecta from the plateau is visible as the blue material at the upper left (northwest), while material excavated from the Oceanus Procellarum area is the reddish color to the lower right (southeast). The colors in this image can be used to ascertain compositional properties of the materials making up the deep strata of these two regions. (Clementine, USGS slide 11)

Preparing the mind for information about gravitational fields were extremely important to me because if gravity discernment in terms of the planets density fluctuations were evident from mass/ density consideration, then how would we be certain that such information emitted from events, which shake the space time fabric would not have sounded for us a response distinctive about it's particle identification. Was there some layering aspect designed within gravitational consideration that would have said the density of the material would have been found, a center first must be of iron?

As one of the fields which obey the general inverse square law, the gravity field can be put in the form shown above, showing that the acceleration of gravity, g, is an expression of the intensity of the gravity field.

So in the ideal centricity of elements such gravitational consideration would have aligned the material in a appropriate expression from the densest of matter distinctions to the very light, would have made it seem, that such resonances based in sound would say, that because it is dense here at the iron core, the sound value would be very distinctive from the vibrational freedom at the surface?

Density measure(comparative to other things) of sound, would be nice. Which leads me to the ideals of Webber and his aluminum bars.

Radar echos from Titan's surface



This recording was produced by converting into audible sounds some of the radar echoes received by Huygens during the last few kilometres of its descent onto Titan. As the probe approaches the ground, both the pitch and intensity increase. Scientists will use intensity of the echoes to speculate about the nature of the surface.

Calming the Fears by Making Aware

If we discover the Planck scale near the TeV scale, this will represent the most profound discovery in physics in a century, and black hole production will be the most spectacular evidence of that new discovery

It is important to understand where this research has lead some of us to looking. We mentioned Steve Giddings earlier and Lubos has provide some of this information that helps to further enlighten. Because there are fundamental processes unfolding in high energy considrations it is well that we are aware of the encounters that can come forward in the production of these particles?

Published on KurzweilAI.net June 26, 2003.

Parallel worlds

What do you think of Sir Martin Rees' concerns about the risk of creating black holes on Earth in his book, Our Final Hour?
Michio Kaku:

I haven't read his book, but perhaps Sir Martin Rees is referring to many press reports that claim that the Earth may be swallowed up by a black hole created by our machines. This started with a letter to the editor in Scientific American asking whether the RHIC accelerator in Brookhaven, Long Island, will create a black hole which will swallow up the earth. This was then picked up by the Sunday London Times who then splashed it on the international wire services, and all of a sudden, we physicists were deluged with hundreds of emails and telegrams asking whether or not we are going to destroy the world when we create a black hole in Long Island.

So the very idea that creation of blackholes, might have seemed somewhat strange then what is postulated in terms of being possible here, would help to further enlighten? We have been directed already to what is available around us in our new perspective views. So we have advanced here:)We do not overwhelm cosmological idealizations, with "false ideological statements" about it's uselessness.

The Quantum Universe

The LHC and a Linear Collider will address many questions about extra dimensions: How many extra dimensions are there? What are their shapes and sizes? How are they hidden? What are the new particles associated with extra dimensions? Through the production of new particles that move in the extra space, the LHC will have direct sensitivity to extra dimensions 10 billion times smaller than the size of an atom. A Linear Collider would determine the number, size and shape of extra dimensions through their small effects on particle masses and interactions. There is also a chance that, due to the existence of extra dimensions, microscopic black holes may be detected at the LHC or in the highest energy cosmic rays.

We can now see, where such applications, have further been developed. It was somebody else's being short sighted, that one realizes that there is a particle concern to how we percieve the nature of our universe:)



Understanding Matter, Energy, Space and Time:The Case for the e+ e- Linear Collider

Other ideas to solve the hierarchy problem postulate extra spatial dimensions beyond the three that we know, or new particles at the several TeV scale. If such ideas are correct, we again expect observable consequences at the LHC and the LC and a synergy will exist between them. For example, the LC and LHC combined can deduce both the size and number of extra dimensions. The new states expected from extra dimensions could perhaps be sensed directly at the LHC, but the precision measurements at the LC can measure their effects even for particles well above the range of the direct measurements.

So ever closer now one must pay attention to what does "not make sense" and we find that tidbits being left around actually if perceptive enough, will help you to explore other things. See, if I am told once and you read, the depth of perception will never make sense if you don't follow those leads and Lubos gave us one to consider:)

Peter SteinbergThe creepy part of these kind of discussions is that one doesn't say that RHIC collisions "create" black holes, but that nucleus-nucleus collisions, and even proton-proton collisions, are in some sense black holes, albeit black holes in some sort of "dual" space which makes the theory easier.




And if you are even more thick skinned, what focused can be developed from that to here. So if you do not understand the question, it is obvious you have not followed what was put before you for consideration. Hence Crackpotism or senseless?

It is a easy hand, under chin contemplating, playing games like rock, paper, or scissors ( that one can wave off) as to what is not understood as being senseless.

It is a better hand that can point up with the finger(heaven) or a open hand(ground) to say, look around you?:)We would like to develope these concepts further, under the Arche. We may be old personalities, but we still like to discuss the nature of the universe.:)

Education, Now Stimulates Creativity:-)

The nice thing about good educators is the resource that they can help point lay people to to encourage exploration and thought provocation. It is not to nice to have controls place on the the ability of resource searchers to be limited by conceptual hangups that have stagnated educational valubales from ever seeing the light of day. So we are once again happy here under Plato's Arch, that we can develope the ideas necessary, from full fledged thinking human beings and not of the controlled puppets of the choir.

Galaxy NGC 596, a highly structured galaxy characterized by pronounced twisting and by ripples in the outer regions. (Credit Astrophysics Institute, Potsdam, Extragalactic Astrophysics Group)

Now I know the topological considerations are supposed to have been dispelled by Max Tegmark and his group, but I can't help but see the relationship of a valuable insight of Greene's that manifests, as you look at this image and consider a Genus figure for examination. This playful image of Greene's is very much thought provoking inthat it ask that we exercise the brain's function as to how such a comment could have been made. Of course, I have to go looking for it.

But let me talk about it first, without one actually hvaing seen what I mean. I know it is better to let others develope there visonary capabilties, that I will only speak briefly on it.

Koans Simulate Crossroads

Why would you want to kill this in yourself?

Part of the idea here is to create a wall of resistance, where such confrontation can easily set things into motion that need to be expressed. That should be. It's indeed a dynamical quality that such oscillations in "being" could have swung backward and forward, and all of a sudden, such resonance built up, that change is soon initiated.

Now, never understandng these dynamics and all the time being part of it, action soon precludes this change that is necessary for opportuities to make themself known. But I won't get to that point , but the one I originally wanted made clear of Greene's, before I present another image is to solidify visionary capabilties of those who are developing the expressions within themself.

it turns out that within string theory ... there is actually an identification, we believe, between the very tiny and the very huge. So it turns out that if you, for instance, take a dimension - imagine its in a circle, imagine its really huge - and then you make it smaller and smaller and smaller, the equations tell us that if you make it smaller than a certain length (its about 10-33 centimeters, the so called 'Planck Length') ... its exactly identical, from the point of view of physical properties, as making the circle larger. So you're trying to squeeze it smaller, but actually in reality your efforts are being turned around by the theory and you're actually making the dimension larger. So in some sense, if you try to squeeze it all the way down to zero size, it would be the same as making it infinitely big. ... (CSPAN Archives Videotape #125054) Brian Greene

Now I don't have to remind people here, what image is manifested because then I would have to go into a long spiel about what I see, as opposed to what you see. So yes, instead of me telling you. What do you see? Do you know something about topological considerations and when it is implored? Why would I insinuate a Genus Figure for contemplation?

Through my exchanges with people over time, it will be evident for some, where I am headed. For a vast majority, inklings of insight developed through prodding for the first time? If we are to consider the deeper parts of ourselves and the deepest parts of the universe, what could have manifested, and we ask a lot of questions about the universe, and how matter came into being?

But here and very suttlely I have wondered, that my own mind is being exposed to concepts, that I ask what is it that we are neglecting? Without understanding, that this manifestaion might be as simple as a play on words, about the IRAq war on Lubos site, to understand, the extension of thought capabilties imploring current thought processes, about manifestation of this energy from within. To what, could have manifested from the beginning of this universe? A lot goes on, and in a systematic way, we are part of this expresssion, and are capable, of being part of that expression:)

But it's more then just accepting the visionary capabilties of our mind, but of stretching is capabilties as well, into exploring the regions of no man's land where only the theore/mathe...ticions go.:)



So I'll present one more for consideration and this should surely convince some who know for certain? What I have espoused through a long journey, to have come to my own crossroads in life. To say, it had all been worth it to see such induction and deductions, as part of the extension necessary of bringing forth the silent majority who fell asleep at there televisions sets, like I tend to do:)

Our brains are more capable of the much finer things, that it's time I formulated a new path for consideration. Part of it, has already been revealled in what you can do, that I intend to do as well.

KK: Kaluza Klein Theory

What is it?

KK Tower



Now part of the problem of visualization here is what and how the cosmic string could have developed. Now, determination of the various sizing of these strings would have had to incorporate the value of the energy involved, in terms of 1r and using the KK tower, such classifcations help in this direction.

Kaluza-Klein theory is a model which unifies classical gravity and electromagnetism. It was discovered by the mathematician Theodor Kaluza that if general relativity is extended to a five-dimensional spacetime, the equations can be separated out into ordinary four-dimensional gravitation plus an extra set, which is equivalent to Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic field, plus an extra scalar field known as the "dilaton". Oskar Klein proposed that the fourth spatial dimension is curled up with a very small radius, i.e. that a particle moving a short distance along that axis would return to where it began. The distance a particle can travel before reaching its initial position is said to be the size of the dimension. This, in fact, also gives rise to quantization of charge, as waves directed along a finite axis can only occupy discrete frequencies.

Kaluza-Klein theory can be extended to cover the other fundamental forces - namely, the weak and strong nuclear forces - but a straightforward approach, if done using an odd dimensional manifold runs into difficulties involving chirality. The problem is that all neutrinos appear to be left-handed, meaning that they are spinning in the direction of the fingers of the left hand when they are moving in the direction of the thumb. All anti-neutrinos appear to be right-handed. Somehow particle reactions are asymmetric when it comes to spin and it is not straightforward to build this into a Kaluza-Klein theory since the extra dimensions of physical space are symmetric with respect to left-hand spinning and r-hand spinning particles.

So in order to get to the summation, views of hidden dimenisons had to be mathematically described for us, so a generalization here would suffice in the following diagram.



Now, not having the room to explain, and having linked previous information on extension of KK theory, I wondered about the following. If we understood well, the leading perspective that lead us through to the dynamical realizations, then the road Gauss and Reimann lead us to would help us to understand the visualization materializing by the calorimeter disciptions of each energy placement harmonically describing each particle's value?

Electromagnetic Calorimeter of the Phenix


If one understood well enough about the direction of discernation of early universe consideration and microstates, then such questions would have been of value in the ideas of topological considerations?

Here again I would point to the Glast determinations and of how we percieve these comological interactions, that continue to be built mathematically? Cosmic string developement would have shown energy valuation that would have continued to expand if we see this as a continous fucntion of particle identification? The matter states would have become distinctive inregards to the weak field manifestations represented in the comsological functions of our universe now?

We would have had to learn to map topological considerations, and the only way is how we see the calorimeter is used?

Pay it Forward: A Educational Stance?

The Changing Face of Education

Now that the comments section has been closed to some, it will be nice to see what he thinks on his own without others interfering. If you put yourself out there, be prepared to stand by what you say and refute why such a topic of strings is not appropriate, then having a choir sing it for you.:-)

Sometimes I think that those in "opposition to strings" might feel better, if the world of triangular figures would have found greater sympathy toward the quantum gravity worlds perceptions?

Smolin to me, is a good educator, when he wrote three roads to quantum gravity. Should he be smeared for publicly doing well(monetarily rewarded)? To me he is a good educator of the public, as to the roads theoretics is going? Greene is another, that is slammed for helping the public understand these issues?

As a educator(people who pay forward what they learn) it has not become very clear to me that I should abort learning string perspective because of obstinate remarks and what reasons, why this should be so. I have understood strings to be a model of comprehension, just as my solids were once, for other minds to consider, in a process unfolding.:-)

Changing the Dynamics

Because one man might do nothing for money, does not make him anymore appealing because he saids so. It would mean more to me if he was silent about it. If he is in a public position to teach a better understanding, but all you ever heard is spouting of the "wonderful world of strings", is this supposed to be the good educator he might wants us to see, or does he explain, why this road is better then this other road? :)Smolin was never opinionated here is his presentation, but presented the views from the angles of percpetion he himself garnered from a synopsis of the roads leading to quantum gravity.

Anyway to regain his sense of control, deletion is always a good way to go, or transference to another medium is always a good option. I have noticed some universities have different formats, that might protect the students, from roving maniacs(commentors that might really want to understand) if that is the educators concern:)

It would appear that those who cater to the idealization this educator, might survive deletion, as long as they tote the ideal of hatred( concepts that would lead others to reject string theory) then of course, this becomes suitable. A fine marker to follow for sure.:-)Adustments have been made.

Now of course let's move on from this with the highest ideals that education has to offer, and not some private view that would hurt more students then the ones a commentor might have. After all if you want to live by this rule, one should apply it to themself. :-)

On Blogging

So, what is the role of blogs going to be in the future of science? I believe the blogs are going to speed up the internationalization of science, with positive effects for both American and foreign scientists. What expert science bloggers are doing right now and will do even more in the future is take expensive information and make it free. People with access to expensive journal subscriptions will link, excerpt, and comment on technical papers as soon as they are published, thus making them available to scientists in small schools, in foreign countries, and, importantly to, gasp - blasphemy! - amateur scientists. That is exactly what I intend to do with Circadiana. My scientific colleagues in Algeria, Argentina and Poland can contact me (or each other) and start fruitfull collaborations, not just read an occasional paper two months after its publication.

Back to regular programming.

Part of the efforts here within this blog, is to see the developement of comprehension, that would have eluded most of the general public. I know it would be minor in it's contribution, compared to the likes of people like Greene or Smolin, and least I forget to mention, Kaku, who has been extremely supportive. Leading us as well, to this comprehension of dimensional interpretation, that even fewer have come to understand through the developement of the physics of geometric approach.

Below is a link that raises the question of how three dimensional views could be elevated, to include time references, coordinated much like our three standard dimensions to incorporate a higher dimensional valuations. Now having a coordinated frame of reference, it seemed quite familiar to me that such collsions in the walls of these gold ions would ask us to see this interaction in a different light.

If alteration of KK theory was possible then such valutions to dimensional interpretations might have revealled topological considerations, that would oversee all understandings of such developements? We were speaking about high energy valuation here in terms of photon gluon considerations. I do not know if this is right or not, but such visualization of dynamical qualties had to be directed to the royal roads leading to Klein's Ordering of Geometries?

Gravity and strings


This is a broad-brush review of how string theory addresses several important questions of gravitational physics. The problem of non-renormalizability is first reviewed, followed by introduction of string theory as an ultraviolet-finite theory of gravity. String theory's successes also include predicting both gauge theory and fermions. The difficulty of extra dimensions becomes a possible virtue, when one notes that these lead to mechanisms to explain fermion generations, as well as a means to break the large gauge symmetries of string theory. Finally, a long standing problem of string theory, that of fixing the size and shape of the extra dimensions, has recently been addressed and may shed light on the origin of the cosmological constant, the ultimate fate of our universe, as well as the question of why gravity_is_ so weak.

Domains walls and Interconnecting Loops

It seems wellness is coming back in full force:) so I thought I would take some advice. This paragraph below italizied, and the one related to Chen for consideration, in terms of the abtract world that topological consideration, might have have found expression? If supersymmetrical realites are ever reached, looking backwards to the origins of the universe, what does it mean if you do not consider the high energy of any situation? Is there no mathematical world there?


As a result, the gluons inside one gold ion appear to the other ion as a ‘gluonic wall’ traveling near the speed of light. At very high energies, the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly. Unlike the quark-gluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls, the color glass condensate describes the walls themselves, and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high-energy conditions such as those at RHIC.

A lot of times when you move to consider the higher forms of a geometry that leads to topological considerations, you wonder if there are other mechanisms availiable to help one move within these abstractions. So by looking at current experiments in the gold ions collisions something caught my attention that I wondered abou,t in current topological structure work and summing over all topologies to have found it's place of value?

The simple fact is that causal effects in the early universe can only propagate (as at any time) as the speed of light c. This means that at a time t, regions of the universe separated by more than a distance d=ct can know nothing about each other. In a symmetry breaking phase transition, different regions of the universe will choose to fall into different minima in the set of possible states (this set is known to mathematicians as the vacuum manifold). Topological defects are precisely the `boundaries' between these regions with different choices of minima, and their formation is therefore an inevitable consequence of the fact that different regions cannot agree on their choices.

So having understood the early universe as microstates, its important that if such opportunities in the physics bring forth other possibilties, then maybe predictive features are viable alternatives to what topological structures we are using?



Now as I said it is highly abstract for obvious reasons, and one cannot forget the royal road that lead to this dimensional perspective that seem to fall by the wayside(salem witch trials) when speculation is prodded in landscape issues and blaspheming of the branes theories.:)



So having understood early cosmological valuations in high energy considerations, are also cosmological questions, I wonder then how such formations could have ever multiplied into a cohesive structure, we have around us now? So the model that was most helpful for me was considered.

Modified Kaluza-Klein Theory, Quantum Hidden Variables and 3-Dimensional Time


In this paper, the basic quantum field equations of free particle with 0-spin, 1-spin (for case of massless and mass $>$ 0) and 1/2 spin are derived from Einstein equations under modified Kaluza-Klein metric, it shows that the equations of quantum fields can be interpreted as pure geometry properties of curved higher-dimensional time-space . One will find that if we interpret the 5th and 6th dimension as ``extra'' time dimension, the particle's wave-function can be naturally interpreted as a single particle moving along geodesic path in 6-dimensional modified Kaluza-Klein time-space. As the result, the fundamental physical effect of quantum theory such as double-slit interference of single particle, statistical effect of wave-function, wave-packet collapse, spin, Bose-Einstein condensation, Pauli exclusive principle can be interpreted as ``classical'' behavior in new time-space. In the last part of this paper, we will coupling field equations of 0-spin, 1-spin and 1/2-spin particles with gravity equations.



Using so much information(imagine strings as a expression of a much different world harmonically pitched) to try and piece together a picture of the universe, is not always easy. Gerard Hooft's points about using this in computer manifestations, is a resonable enough problem that is understood, that of course LIGO translation and Seti mode of operandi, helps us with all these tiny bits of information.

The Color Glass Condensate

Search for a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma, which is believed to be the state of matter existing in the universe shortly after the Big Bang. If it is found, then measure its properties.

Study matter under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure.

Learn where the proton gets its spin.

Study the most basic building blocks of nature and the forces that govern them.

Conclusions: Overwhelming empirical evidence for a new form of matter sQGP with unexpected properties

Is a term that is new to me and since it has been brought by Lubos in regards to The RHIC fireball as a dual black hole, and other issues in regards to gluon consideration as blackhole radiation. I would like to comprehend this better as to the direction string research is going:)

Background on color glass condensate

Color glass condensate is another extreme condition of matter that some theoretical physicists postulate exists inside two gold ions about to collide at very high energy in RHIC. According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, a high-energy particle appears Lorentz contracted, or compressed, along its direction of motion. As a result, the gluons inside one gold ion appear to the other ion as a ‘gluonic wall’ traveling near the speed of light. At very high energies, the density of the gluons in this wall is seen to increase greatly. Unlike the quark-gluon plasma produced in the collision of such walls, the color glass condensate describes the walls themselves, and is an intrinsic property of the particles that can only be observed under high-energy conditions such as those at RHIC.

To me Peter and Lubos are getting close on regards to the issue of the Shakespearean Quandry of to B^-e or not the be⁺, and as a artistic rendition? What value could we have ever sought from the minute interactions, photon gluon interaction, that might be demonstrated from such fine dimensional thinking of the issues involve at such perceptive levels of existance? How is this possible?



Our focus is carefully being directed to the areas of collision for introspection and consideration.

Tiny Blackholes in Cosmic Observations?

205th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society 9-13 January 2005 -- San Diego, CA

I am kind of interested to find further information on how microstate blackholes might have been generated and looking at the concentration of minds, I wonder if this topic was brought up, or will be brought up?

The Pierre Auger Observatory, currently being constructed in Argentina to study cosmic rays, could examine the structure of spacetime itself, say physicists in the United States.

If, as some suspect, the Universe contains invisible, extra dimensions, then cosmic rays that hit the atmosphere will produce tiny black holes. These black holes should be numerous enough for the observatory to detect, say Jonathan Feng and Alfred Shapere of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts1.

The observatory will consist of two 3,000-square-kilometre arrays - one in Argentina, one somewhere in the Northern Hemisphere - each containing 1,600 particle detectors. Scheduled for completion by 2004, scientists hope that the equipment will help to solve the mystery of cosmic rays. These rays consist of extremely high-energy particles that stream into the Earth's atmosphere from space - from where, exactly, no one knows.

Lubos has mention Steve Giddings and I have also mentioned himearlier inmy blogs on the topic of Mini blackholes as well.

In theories with large extra dimensions at sub-millimetre distances, for example, and/or high energies of the order of 1 TeV or more, gravity may become a strong force. Thus, hypothetically, the energy required to produce black holes is well within the range of the LHC, making it a "black-hole factory". As Stephen Hawking has taught us, these mini black holes would be extremely hot little objects that would dissipate all their energy very rapidly by emitting radiation and particles before they wink out of existence. The properties of the Hawking radiation could tell us about the properties of the extra spatial dimensions, although there are still uncertainties in the theory at this stage. Nevertheless, astroparticle and collider experiments should provide useful input to the theoretical work in this area. Indeed, the signatures are expected to be spectacular, with very high multiplicity events and a large fraction of the beam energy converted into transverse energy, mostly in the form of quarks/gluons (jets) and leptons, with a production rate at the LHC rising as high as 1 Hz. An example of what a typical black-hole event would look like in the ATLAS detector is shown in figure 2.
If mini black holes can be produced in high-energy particle interactions, they may first be observed in high-energy cosmic-ray neutrino interactions in the atmosphere. Jonathan Feng of the University of California at Irvine and MIT, and Alfred Shapere of the University of Kentucky have calculated that the Auger cosmic-ray observatory, which will combine a 6000 km2 extended air-shower array backed up by fluorescence detectors trained on the sky, could record tens to hundreds of showers from black holes before the LHC turns on in 2007.

Cosmic rays in ATLAS
The flux of cosmic ray muons through the ATLAS cavern can be utilized as a tool to "shake down" the ATLAS detector prior to data taking in 2007.

Additionally, a thorough understanding of the cosmic ray flux in ATLAS will be of great use in the study of cosmic ray backgrounds to the search for rare new physics processes in ATLAS.

The Emergence of Time, What Lies Beneath?

The intuitive classical space-time picture breaks down in quantum gravity, which makes a comparison and the development of semiclassical techniques quite complicated.

Taken in context of how supersymmetrical levels could have ever been reached, is really a wonderful thnng to consider. If singularities were to be devised in methods that would experiementally bring forth blackholes at the microstates. Then what value is derived from learning about high energy and the levels we must go through to speak about these singularities?

From classical discritpion of GR to the understanding that supergravity could have ever been devised as a method to live in supersymmetrical worlds, would have been a challenge indeed, and we might ask where would time would begin, and what was below time?

The conclusion of this lecture is that the universe has not existed forever. Rather, the universe, and time itself, had a beginning in the Big Bang, about 15 billion years ago. The beginning of real time, would have been a singularity, at which the laws of physics would have broken down. Nevertheless, the way the universe began would have been determined by the laws of physics, if the universe satisfied the no boundary condition. This says that in the imaginary time direction, space-time is finite in extent, but doesn't have any boundary or edge. The predictions of the no boundary proposal seem to agree with observation. The no boundary hypothesis also predicts that the universe will eventually collapse again. However, the contracting phase, will not have the opposite arrow of time, to the expanding phase. So we will keep on getting older, and we won't return to our youth. Because time is not going to go backwards, I think I better stop now.

by Stephen Hawking

It becomes very difficult then for anyone to accept that Robert Laughlin might have "wondered" about about condensed matter physics to have wonder what the building blocks shall be at such levels? That he might have wanted to stay to discrete structures for explanations as far as he could tell experimentally?:)


Likewise, if the very fabric of the Universe is in a quantum-critical state, then the stuff that underlies reality is totally irrelevant-it could be anything, says Laughlin. Even if the string theorists show that strings can give rise to the matter and natural laws we know, they won't have proved that strings are the answer-merely one of the infinite number of possible answers. It could as well be pool balls or Lego bricks or drunk sergeant majors.

You see this is okay. That one can direct their attention to such infrastructures to ask, what the ultimate building block shall be, that we constantly refocus our mind to the finer things(abstract mathematical forays into these fine building blocks), only to find, we have progress well into the cosmological view, of such microstates?

"The path integral is taken over metrics of all possible topologies, that fit in between the surfaces. There is the trivial topology, the initial surface, cross the time interval. Then there are the non trivial topologies, all the other possible topologies. The trivial topology can be foliated by a family of surfaces of constant time. The path integral over all metrics with trivial topology, can be treated canonically by time slicing. In other words, the time evolution
(including gravity) will be generated by a Hamiltonian. This will give a unitary mapping from the initial surface, to the final.
"

But to follow is this what Peter Woit thinks?

Peter Woit said--?His argument is in Euclidean quantum gravity, which he describes as "the only sane way to do quantum gravity non-perturbatively", something which some might disagree with. What he seems to be arguing is that, while it is true you get information loss in the path integral over metrics on a fixed non-trivial black hole topology, you really need to sum over all topologies. When you do this you get unitary evolution from the trivial (no black hole) topology and the non-trivial topologies give contributions that are independent of the initial state and don't contribute to the initial-final state amplitude.

I guess what this means is that he is claiming that, sure, if you knew you really had a black hole, then there would be a problem with unitarity, but in quantum gravity you don't ever really know that you have a black hole, you also have to take into account the amplitude for not actually having one and when you properly do this the unitarity problem goes away.

You must accept my humble apologies, but to have been given these directions(quotes analogies in reference links and statements, from both Lubos Motl and Peter Woit, I wonder about the difference in their interpretations of the mathematics they are using? Are they so fundamntally at odds with each other, that they do not realize that they are working very close in their idealizations?