Charging Stations

Public charging stations in San Francisco 2009

Some of these special charging stations provide one or a range of heavy duty or special connectors and/or charging without a physical connection using parking places equipped with inductive charging mats.

Okay you see those extension cords extending into charging units? Well it will not be need with the current technology that is being developed in terms of wireless energy transference. I think most who follow this blog will know why. Perhaps while oscillator that exist in car and oscillators that exists in parking spot  are embedded in pavement, will increase the calculated range if this becomes common? At traffic light along  the corridor, or perhaps in the traffic light itself?

Inductive Charging. The primary coil in the charger induces a current in the secondary coil in the device being charged.

Greater distances between sender and receiver coils can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive coupling.

But how will cities recoup the parking spot meter time and adjust for the cost of electricity? Why not throw in your cells phone too since it too can have a oscillator whose charge will be rejuvenated in the electrical presence of the car?  Oh,  you see how Tesla would have been happy, and it really has nothing to do with communism, but more of what should have already been enviable to people to create a much more productive society with out paying a mortgage for electricity.

Basic transmitter and receiver circuits, Rs and Rr are the resistances and losses in the associated capacitors and inductors. Ls and Lr are coupled by small coupling coefficient, usually below 0.2

Resonant inductive coupling or electrodynamic induction is the near field wireless transmission of electrical energy between two coils that are tuned to resonate at the same frequency. The equipment to do this is sometimes called a resonant or resonance transformer. While many transformers employ resonance, this type has a high Q and is often air cored to avoid 'iron' losses. The two coils may exist as a single piece of equipment or comprise two separate pieces of equipment.

Resonant transfer works by making a coil ring with an oscillating current. This generates an oscillating magnetic field. Because the coil is highly resonant, any energy placed in the coil dies away relatively slowly over very many cycles; but if a second coil is brought near it, the coil can pick up most of the energy before it is lost, even if it is some distance away. The fields used are predominately non-radiative, near field (sometimes called evanescent waves), as all hardware is kept well within the 1/4 wavelength distance they radiate little energy from the transmitter to infinity.

One of the applications of the resonant transformer is for the CCFL inverter. Another application of the resonant transformer is to couple between stages of a superheterodyne receiver, where the selectivity of the receiver is provided by tuned transformers in the intermediate-frequency amplifiers.^[1] Resonant transformers such as the Tesla coil can generate very high voltages with or without arcing, and are able to provide much higher current than electrostatic high-voltage generation machines such as the Van de Graaff generator.^[2] Resonant energy transfer is the operating principle behind proposed short range wireless electricity systems such as WiTricity and systems that have already been deployed, such as passive RFID tags and contactless smart cards.

See once you know this and understand what has happen with our current governments in terms of capitalized systems of cost then you see where the 180 degree turn could have helped all countries in the world benefit from not only communications but a resurgence of the adaptations of technologies that would provide still manufacturing base in order to produce product and stimulate economies? The world may have seemed a different place then it is today.

Quantum Consciousness (Stuart Hameroff)

 

See Also:

 

See: 

• Nikola Tesla - Wardenclyffe Tower

The Observer

Thomas Kuhn

However, the incommensurability thesis is not Kuhn's only positive philosophical thesis. Kuhn himself tells us that “The paradigm as shared example is the central element of what I now take to be the most novel and least understood aspect of [The Structure of Scientific Revolutions]” (1970a, 187). Nonetheless, Kuhn failed to develop the paradigm concept in his later work beyond an early application of its semantic aspects to the explanation of incommensurability. The explanation of scientific development in terms of paradigms was not only novel but radical too, insofar as it gives a naturalistic explanation of belief-change. Naturalism was not in the early 1960s the familiar part of philosophical landscape that it has subsequently become. Kuhn's explanation contrasted with explanations in terms of rules of method (or confirmation, falsification etc.) that most philosophers of science took to be constitutive of rationality. Furthermore, the relevant disciplines (psychology, cognitive science, artificial intelligence) were either insufficiently progressed to support Kuhn's contentions concerning paradigms, or were antithetical to them (in the case of classical AI). Now that naturalism has become an accepted component of philosophy, there has recently been interest in reassessing Kuhn's work in the light of developments in the relevant sciences, many of which provide corroboration for Kuhn's claim that science is driven by relations of perceived similarity and analogy to existing problems and their solutions (Nickles 2003b, Nersessian 2003). It may yet be that a characteristically Kuhnian thesis will play a prominent part in our understanding of science.

Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Discoveries Kuhn now moves past his initial topic of paradigm to scientific discovery saying that in order for there to be a discovery, an anomaly must be detected within the field of study. He discusses several different studies and points out the anomaly that invoked the scientific discovery. Later in the chapter he begins to discuss how the anomaly can be incorporated into the discovery to satisfy the scientific community.

There are three different characteristics of all discoveries from which new sorts of phenomena emerge. These three characteristics are proven through an experiment dealing with a deck of cards. The deck consisted of anomalous cards (e.g. the red six of spades shown on the previous page) mixed in with regular cards. These cards were held up in front of students who were asked to call out the card they saw, and in most cases the anomaly was not detected.(link now dead)

See if you recognize the validity of what I am saying, then you would have to know something a little bit more about the person who uses the name of Plato. Is to understand, that I was already given an anomalous event within my own life. It rocked the very foundation in face of all that science has given me.

 The Observer. I never gave it much thought other then to see that while it is very subjective in the terms that I  may explore consciousness.  There is a obvious meaning of the term in the sciences that  needed to be explained. I do understand that context in terms of measure,  but I understand as well,  that any subjective state asks how it is that in the chaos of these subjective symbolisms,  how is one to be able to make sense of the language used? It is obviously not the language of mathematics and physics.

In quantum mechanics, "observation" is synonymous with quantum measurement and "observer" with a measurement apparatus and observable with what can be measured. Thus the quantum mechanical observer does not necessarily present or solve any problems over and above the (admittedly difficult) issue of measurement in quantum mechanics. The quantum mechanical observer is also intimately tied to the issue of observer effect.

A number of interpretations of quantum mechanics, notably "consciousness causes collapse", give the observer a special role, or place constraints on who or what can be an observer. For instance, Fritjof Capra writes:

"The crucial feature of atomic physics is that the human observer is not only necessary to observe the properties of an object, but is necessary even to define these properties. ... This can be illustrated with the simple case of a subatomic particle. When observing such a particle, one may choose to measure — among other quantities — the particle's position and its momentum" ^[1]

However, other authorities downplay any special role of human observers

"Of course the introduction of the observer must not be misunderstood to imply that some kind of subjective features are to be brought into the description of nature. The observer has, rather, only the function of registering decisions, i.e., processes in space and time, and it does not matter whether the observer is an apparatus or a human being; but the registration, i.e., the transition from the "possible" to the "actual," is absolutely necessary here and cannot be omitted from the interpretation of quantum theory."^[2]

Critics of the special role of the observer also point out that observers can themselves be observed, leading to paradoxes such as that of Wigner's friend; and that it is not clear how much consciousness is required ("Was the wave function waiting to jump for thousands of millions of years until a single-celled living creature appeared? Or did it have to wait a little longer for some highly qualified measurer - with a PhD?"^[3]).

In science, the term observer effect refers to changes that the act of observation will make on a phenomenon being observed. This is often the result of instruments that, by necessity, alter the state of what they measure in some manner. A commonplace example is checking the pressure in an automobile tire; this is difficult to do without letting out some of the air, thus changing the pressure. This effect can be observed in many domains of physics.

The observer effect on a physical process can often be reduced to insignificance by using better instruments or observation techniques. However in quantum mechanics, which deals with very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, so the observer must be considered part of the system being observed.

"Genius is one percent inspiration, ninety-nine percent perspiration." - Thomas Alva Edison, Harper's Monthly (September 1932)

Thomas Edison's first successful light bulb model, used in public demonstration at Menlo Park, December 1879

See Also:

• Quantum physics doesn't depend on definitions of observers

Stuart Kauffman on Beyond Reductionism

"It is very good that Stu Kauffman and Lee are making this serious attempt to save a notion of time, since I think the issue of timelessness is central to the unification of general relativity with quantum mechanics. The notion of time capsules is still certainly only a conjecture. However, as Lee admits, it has proven very hard to show that the idea is definitely wrong. Moreover, the history of physics has shown that it is often worth taking disconcerting ideas seriously, and I think timelessness is such a one. At the moment, I do not find Lee and Stu's arguments for time threaten my position too strongly."- Julian Barbour

 

Is it more astonishing that a God created all that exists in six days, or that the natural processes of the creative universe have yielded galaxies, chemistry, life, agency, meaning, value, consciousness, culture without a Creator. In my mind and heart, the overwhelming answer is that the truth as best we know it, that all arose with no Creator agent, all on its wondrous own, is so awesome and stunning that it is God enough for me and I hope much of humankind.

BEYOND REDUCTIONISM: REINVENTING THE SACRED

Stuart Alan Kauffman (28 September 1939) is an US American theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher concerning the origin of life on Earth. He is best known for arguing that the complexity of biological systems and organisms might result as much from self-organization and far-from-equilibrium dynamics as from Darwinian natural selection, as well as for proposing the first models of Boolean networks.

Kauffman presently holds a joint appointment at the University of Calgary in Biological Sciences and in Physics and Astronomy, and is an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Philosophy. He is also an iCORE (Informatics Research Circle of Excellence) [1] chair and the director of the Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics.

BEYOND REDUCTIONISM

See:Reinventing the Sacred: A New View of Science, Reason, and Religion (Hardcover)

See Also:

•  Cosmic Evolution and the Powers of Ten

• Beyond Einstein and Schrodinger? The Quantum Mechanics of Closed Quantum Systems

• Soft Science Envy  by Bee of Backreaction

First Room Temperature Superconductor

Superconductors.ORG herein reports the 28C room-temperature superconductor discovered in December 2011 has been successfully reformulated to produce a critical transition temperature (Tc) above 30 Celsius (86F, 303K). This new material has a nominal formula of Tl₅Pb₂Ba₂Mg_2.5Cu_8.5O₁₇₊ and a Tc near 30.5C. See Also: New Support for Phonon Mediation in High Temperature Superconductors

Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.

Visible Earth

http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ (Click on Image for Larger Viewing)

See Also:

• Blue Marble Navigator
• Spaceship Earth: Who Is In Control?
•  http://www.overviewinstitute.org/
•  http://www.overviewthemovie.com/

Experiments at Cern

A candidate event in the search for the Higgs boson, showing two electrons and two muons (Image: CMS/CERN)

• ACE
• AEGIS
• ALICE
• ALPHA
• AMS
• ASACUSA
• ATLAS
• ATRAP
• CAST
• CLOUD
• CMS
• COMPASS
• DIRAC
• ISOLDE
• LHCb
• LHCf
• MoEDAL
• NA61/SHINE
• NA62
• nTOF
• OSQAR
• ">TOTEM

Experiments in the Past

• ALEPH
• DELPHI
• L3
• OPAL

ScienceCasts: Dark Lightning

 

Click on Image for Larger Viewing

See Also:

• NASA's Fermi Catches Thunderstorms Hurling Antimatter into Space

Weber Bars

The following detectors participate into the IGEC. Click on a name to connect to the experiment web site.
In the picture below the detectors locations on earth are represented. It happens that there is a great circle passing near each site (red line on the picture below) This allows for parallel orientation of the bars.

See: How many Possibilities Exist in the Now? 

Resonant Gravitational Wave Detectors

I do need to clarify my mistake on the spelling of Joseph Weber and the double bb I had given his last name.

Weber Bar

A simple device to detect the expected wave motion is called a Weber bar – a large, solid bar of metal isolated from outside vibrations. This type of instrument was the first type of gravitational-wave detector. Strains in space due to an incident gravitational wave excite the bar's resonant frequency and could thus be amplified to detectable levels. Conceivably, a nearby supernova might be strong enough to be seen without resonant amplification. Modern forms of the Weber bar are still operated, cryogenically cooled, with superconducting quantum interference devices to detect vibration (see for example, ALLEGRO). Weber bars are not sensitive enough to detect anything but extremely powerful gravitational waves.^[1]

The MiniGRAIL detector is a cryogenic 68 cm diameter spherical gravitational wave antenna made of CuAl(6%) alloy with a mass of 1400 Kg, a resonance frequency of 2.9 kHz and a bandwidth around 230 Hz, possibly higher. The quantum-limited strain sensitivity dL/L would be ~4x10^-21.

MiniGRAIL is a spherical gravitational-wave antenna using this principle. It is based at Leiden University, consisting of an exactingly machined 1150 kg sphere cryogenically cooled to 20 mK.^[2] The spherical configuration allows for equal sensitivity in all directions, and is somewhat experimentally simpler than larger linear devices requiring high vacuum. Events are detected by measuring deformation of the detector sphere. MiniGRAIL is highly sensitive in the 2–4 kHz range, suitable for detecting gravitational waves from rotating neutron star instabilities or small black hole mergers.^[3]

AURIGA is an ultracryogenic resonant bar gravitational wave detector based at INFN in Italy. It is based on a cylindrical bar detector. The AURIGA and LIGO teams have collaborated in joint observations.^[4]

1. Side view of the AURIGA suspension for run2. The columns and the bar are clearly visible. Also the liquid Helium vessel and the thermal shields, which come unchanged from run1.

List of Resonant Detectors

NAUTILUS (Rome, Italy)

	ALLEGRO (Louisiana State University)
	AURIGA (Padova, Italy)
	EXPLORER (Geneva, Switzerland)
	Mario Schenberg (Gravitational Wave Detector)
	MiniGRAIL (Leiden, The Netherlands)
	NIOBE (Perth, Australia)

 

See Also:

• Einstein@Home all-sky search for periodic gravitational waves in LIGO S5 data
• Gravitational bar detectors set limits to Planck-scale physics - Really?

AURIGA RUN2- The Bar and Resonances

1. Side view of the AURIGA suspension for run2. The columns and the bar are clearly visible. Also the liquid Helium vessel and the thermal shields, which come unchanged from run1.

See: The AURIGA photo album: RUN2

The Transducer Test Facility

See Also:

• Gravitational Wave Detectors are Best Described as "Sounds."  

• Gravity Wave Spectrum 

 

Radar echos from Titan's surface

This recording was produced by converting into audible sounds some of the radar echoes received by Huygens during the last few kilometres of its descent onto Titan. As the probe approaches the ground, both the pitch and intensity increase. Scientists will use intensity of the echoes to speculate about the nature of the surface.