PLato said,"Look to the perfection of the heavens for truth," while Aristotle said "look around you at what is, if you would know the truth" To Remember: Eskesthai
It is of great consequence that while we understand the sun has it's place in the sky, do we understand the interactions that are taking place as the Earth radiates as well? If thunderstorms can releases information for us, then it puts a whole new spin on what is happening within Earth's space.
This image taken by SDO's AIA instrument
at 171 Angstrom shows the current conditions of the quiet corona and
upper transition region of the Sun.
Active Region 1515 released an M6.9 class flare beginning at 12:23 PM EDT and peaking at 12:32 on July 7, 2012.
This region has been the source of much solar activity since July 2.
This plot shows 3-days of 5-minute solar x-ray flux values
measured on the SWPC primary GOES satellite.
One low value may appear prior to eclipse periods.
Click on the plot to open an updating secondary window.
6-hour 1-min Solar X-ray Flux plot.
As you can see the picture is from 2010 so we have had them for a few years now. We have had chickens in the past, but not in as elaborate set up as we have now.
As you can see it only took a couple of days. Sort of designed it our selves.
This is Buddy our Rooster. Nancy beside him and in the background they are called the Divas as we cannot tell whose who as a account we cannot tell them apart.
So yes after being completed a home.
This years we let the hen incubate 4 eggs and only two survived. That's them four weeks old after hatching.
The recent discovery at the LHC by the CMS and ATLAS collaborations of the Higgs boson presents, at long last, direct probes of the mechanism for electroweak symmetry breaking. While it is clear from the observations that the new particle plays some role in this process, it is not yet apparent whether the couplings and widths of the observed particle match those predicted by the Standard Model. In this paper, we perform a global t of the Higgs results from the LHC and Tevatron. While these results could be subject to as-yet-unknown systematics, we nd that the data are signi cantly better t by a Higgs with a suppressed width to gluon-gluon and an enhanced width to, relative to the predictions of the Standard Model. After considering a variety of new physics scenarios which could potenially modify these widths, we nd that the most promising possibility is the addition of a new colored, charged particle, with a large coupling to the Higgs. Of particular interest is a light, and highly mixed, stop, which we show can provide the required alterations to the combination of gg and widths. See: Are There Hints of Light Stops in Recent Higgs Search Results?
An artist's conception of the Majorana - a previously elusive subatomic
particle whose existence has never been confirmed - until now.
Dutch nano-scientists at the technological universities of
Delft and Eindhoven, say they have found evidence of the particle.
To find it, they devised miniscule circuitry around a
microscopic wire in contact with a semiconductor and a superconductor.
Lead researcher Leo Kouwenhoven.
SOUNDBITE (English), NANOSCIENTIST OF DELFT UNIVERSITY,
LEO KOUWENHOVEN, SAYING:
"The samples that we use for measuring the Majorana
fermions are really very small, you can see the holder of the sample,
the sample is actually inside here and if you zoom in, you can actually
see little wires and if you zoom in more, you see a very small
nano-meter scale sample, where we detected one pair of Majoranas."
When a magnetic field was applied along the the
'nanowire', electrons gathered together in synchrony as a Majorana
particle.
These subatomic particles could be used to encode
information, turning them into data to be used inside a tiny, quantum
computer.
SOUNDBITE (English), NANOSCIENTIST OF DELFT UNIVERSITY,
LEO KOUWENHOVEN, SAYING:
"The goal is actually to develop those nano-scale devices
into little circuits and actually make something like a quantum computer
out of it, so they have special properties that could be very useful
for computation, a particural kind of computation which we call quantum
computation, which would replace actually our current computers by
computers that are much more efficient than what we have now."
The Majorana fermion's existence was first predicted 75
years ago by Italian Ettore Majorana.
Probing the Majorana's particles could allow scientists to
understand better the mysterious realm of quantum mechanics.
Other groups working in solid state physics are thought to
be close to making similar announcements....heralding a new era in
super-powerful computer technology.
Were he alive today Majorana may well be amazed at the
sophisticated computer technology available to ordinary people in every
day life. But compared to the revolution his particle may be about to
spark, it will seem old fashioned in the not too distant future.
Jim Drury, Reuters
A Majorana fermion is a fermion that is its own anti-particle. The term is sometimes used in opposition to Dirac fermion, which describes particles that differ from their antiparticles. It is common that bosons (such as the photon) are their own anti-particle. It is also quite common that fermions can be their own anti-particle, such as the fermionic quasiparticles in spin-singlet superconductors (where the quasiparticles/Majorana-fermions carry spin-1/2) and in superconductors with spin-orbital coupling, such as Ir, (where the quasiparticles/Majorana-fermions do not carry well defined spins).
The concept goes back to Ettore Majorana's 1937 suggestion[1] that neutral spin-1/2 particles can be described by a real wave equation (the Majorana equation), and would therefore be identical to their antiparticle (since the wave function of particle and antiparticle are related by complex conjugation).
The difference between Majorana fermions and Dirac fermions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the creation and annihilation operators of second quantization. The creation operator γ†j creates a fermion in quantum state j, while the annihilation operator γj annihilates it (or, equivalently, creates the corresponding antiparticle). For a Dirac fermion the operators γ†j and γj are distinct, while for a Majorana fermion they are identical.
Elementary particle
No elementary particle is known to be a Majorana fermion. However, the nature of the neutrino is not yet definitely settled; it might be a Majorana fermion or it might be a Dirac fermion. If it is a Majorana fermion, then neutrinoless double beta decay is possible; experiments are underway to search for this type of decay.
The hypothetical neutralino of supersymmetric models is a Majorana fermion.
Quasiparticle
In superconducting materials, Majorana fermions can emerge as (non-fundamental) quasiparticles.[2](People
also name protected zero-energy mode as Majorana fermion. The
discussions in the rest of this article are actually about such
protected zero-energy mode, which is quite different from the
propagating particle introduced by Majorana.) The superconductor imposes electron hole symmetry on the quasiparticle excitations, relating the creation operator γ(E) at energy E to the annihilation operator γ†(−E) at energy −E. At the Fermi levelE=0, one has γ=γ†
so the excitation is a Majorana fermion. Since the Fermi level is in
the middle of the superconducting gap, these are midgap states. A quantum vortex in certain superconductors or superfluids can trap midgap states, so this is one source of Majorana fermions.[3][4][5]Shockley states at the end points of superconducting wires or line defects are an alternative, purely electrical, source.[6] An altogether different source uses the fractional quantum Hall effect as a substitute for the superconductor.[7]
It was predicted that Majorana fermions in superconductors could be used as a building block for a (non-universal) topological quantum computer, in view of their non-Abelian anyonic statistics.[8]
Experiments in superconductivity
In 2008 Fu and Kane provided a groundbreaking development by
theoretically predicting that Majorana fermions can appear at the
interface between topological insulators and superconductors.[9][10]
Many proposals of a similar spirit soon followed. An intense search to
provide experimental evidence of Majorana fermions in superconductors[11][12] first produced some positive results in 2012.[13][14] A team from the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands reported an experiment involving indium antimonide
nanowires connected to a circuit with a gold contact at one end and a
slice of superconductor at the other. When exposed to a moderately
strong magnetic field the apparatus showed a peak electrical conductance
at zero voltage that is consistent with the formation of a pair of
Majorana quasiparticles, one at either end of the region of the nanowire
in contact with the superconductor.[15]
This experiment from Delft marks a possible verification of independent theoretical proposals from two groups[16][17] predicting the solid state manifestation of Majorana fermions in semiconducting wires.
It is important to note that the solid state manifestations of
Majorana fermions are emergent low-energy localized modes of the system
(quasiparticles) which are not fundamental new elementary particles as
originally envisioned by Majorana (or as the neutrino would be if it
turns out to be a Majorana fermion), but are effective linear
combinations of half-electrons and half-holes which are topological
anyonic objects obeying non-Abelian statistics.[8] The terminology "Majorana fermion" is thus not a good nomenclature for these solid state Majorana modes.
References
^E. Majorana (1937). "Teoria simmetrica dell’elettrone e del positrone" (in Italian). Nuovo Cimento14: 171. English translation.
^ abC. Nayak, S. Simon, A. Stern, M. Freedman, and S. Das Sarma (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics80: 1083.
The Majorana experiment will search for neutrinoless double-beta decay of 76Ge. The discovery of this process would imply that the neutrino is a Majorana fermion (its own anti-particle) and allow a measurement of the effective Majorana neutrino mass.
The first stage of the experiment, the Majorana Demonstrator, will consist of 60kg of germanium crystal detectors in three cryostats. Half of these will be made from natural germanium and half from germanium enriched in 76Ge. The goals of the Demonstrator are to test a claim for measurement of neutrinoless double beta-decay by Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al. (2006), to demonstrate a low enough background to justify the construction of a larger tonne-scale experiment, and to demonstrate the scalability of the technology to the tonne scale. The experiment will be located at the 4850 ft level of the Sanford Laboratory in Lead, South Dakota. See:
The Majorana neutrinoless double beta-decay experiment
The more complex the data base the more accurate one's simulation is achieved. The point is though that you have to capture scientific processes through calorimeter examinations just as you do in the LHC.
So these backdrops are processes in identifying particle examinations as they approach earth or are produced on earth. See Fermi and capture of thunder storms and one might of asked how Fermi's picture taking would have looked had they pointed it toward the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster?
So the idea here is how you map particulates as a measure of natural processes? The virtual world lacks the depth of measure with which correlation can exist in the natural world? Why? Because it asks the designers of computation and memory to directly map the results of the experiments. So who designs the experiments to meet the data?
How did they know the energy range that the Higg's Boson would be detected in?
The Bolshoi simulation is the most accurate cosmological simulation of the evolution of the large-scale structure of the universe yet made ("bolshoi" is the Russian word for "great" or "grand"). The first two of a series of research papers describing Bolshoi and its implications have been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal. The first data release of Bolshoi outputs, including output from Bolshoi and also the BigBolshoi or MultiDark simulation of a volume 64 times bigger than Bolshoi, has just been made publicly available to the world's astronomers and astrophysicists.
The starting point for Bolshoi was the best ground- and space-based observations, including NASA's long-running and highly successful WMAP Explorer mission that has been mapping the light of the Big Bang in the entire sky. One of the world's fastest supercomputers then calculated the evolution of a typical region of the universe a billion light years across.
The Bolshoi simulation took 6 million cpu hours to run on the Pleiades supercomputer—recently ranked as seventh fastest of the world's top 500 supercomputers—at NASA Ames Research Center.
This visualization of dark matter is 1/1000 of the gigantic Bolshoi cosmological simulation, zooming in on a region centered on the dark matter halo of a very large cluster of galaxies.Chris Henze, NASA Ames Research Center-Introduction: The Bolshoi Simulation
Snapshot from the Bolshoi simulation at a red shift z=0 (meaning at the
present time), showing filaments of dark matter along which galaxies are
predicted to form.
CREDIT: Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University), Joel R.
Primack (University of California, Santa Cruz), and Stefan Gottloeber
(AIP, Germany).
MOFFETT FIELD, Calif. – Scientists have generated the largest and most
realistic cosmological simulations of the evolving universe to-date,
thanks to NASA’s powerful Pleiades supercomputer. Using the "Bolshoi"
simulation code, researchers hope to explain how galaxies and other very
large structures in the universe changed since the Big Bang.
To
complete the enormous Bolshoi simulation, which traces how largest
galaxies and galaxy structures in the universe were formed billions of
years ago, astrophysicists at New Mexico State University Las Cruces,
New Mexico and the University of California High-Performance
Astrocomputing Center (UC-HIPACC), Santa Cruz, Calif. ran their code on
Pleiades for 18 days, consumed millions of hours of computer time, and
generating enormous amounts of data. Pleiades is the seventh most
powerful supercomputer in the world.
“NASA installs systems like
Pleiades, that are able to run single jobs that span tens of thousands
of processors, to facilitate scientific discovery,” said William
Thigpen, systems and engineering branch chief in the NASA Advanced
Supercomputing (NAS) Division at NASA's Ames Research Center. See|:NASA Supercomputer Enables Largest Cosmological Simulations
Image credit: Yury Suvorov for the DarkSide collaboration
A leading candidate explanation, motivated by supersymmetry theory, is that dark matter is comprised of as yet undiscovered Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) formed in the early universe and subsequently gravitationally clustered in association with baryonic matter. WIMPs could in principle be detected in terrestrial experiments through their collisions with ordinary nuclei, giving observable low-energy (<100 keV) nuclear recoils. The predicted low collision rates require ultra-low background detectors with large (0.1–10 ton) target masses, located in deep underground sites to eliminate neutron background from cosmic ray muons.The Darkside of Gran Sasso
John Ellis,theoretical physicist, answers the question "What is the
Higgs boson?" in preparation for the press conference following the
seminar on LHC 2012 results on the Higgs boson search, due on July 4
2012 at CERN. For more details: http://cern.ch/press/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR16.12E.html
You know analogies are important in that they can bring a lay person some clarity in helping to understand what s going on in the world of science. As a blogger I have attach myself to some scientists who have been more then willing to share this aspect of them-self with the world. I do not know of a more honorable thing a scientist can do but by taking this time to help the public.
I guess in a sense one is looking for the best resource information they can in order to have the right data in front f them when they are trying to understand the science process. So that what this psst is about in looking at methods in order to make such information available.
Most certainly the number of citations any scientific paper written may have.
With all the resources they need in one place, Essential Science Indicators
users can determine the influential individuals, institutions, papers,
publications, and countries in their field of study — as well as
emerging research areas that could impact their work.
This unique and comprehensive compilation of science performance
statistics and science trends data is based on journal article
publication counts and citation data from Thomson Scientific databases.
It is an ideal analytical resource for policymakers, administrators,
analysts and information specialists in government agencies,
universities, corporations, private laboratories, publishing companies
and foundations, as well as members of the scientific press and
recruiters. Research Evaluation Tools
John Ellis with Dimitri Nanopoulos (left) and
Keith
Olive (right).
What first drew your interest to the research
area of supersymmetry?
I first got interested in the mid-1970s, stimulated by the early papers of
Wess, Zumino, and others formulating supersymmetric field theories. But it
was rather academic curiosity until various people (Maiani, Witten, etc.)
realized around 1980 that supersymmetric particles weighing about a TeV
could help stabilize the electroweak mass scale by making quantum
corrections naturally small.
Then in 1984, together with Hagelin, Nanopoulos, Olive, and Srednicki, we
realized that the lightest supersymmetric particle would be a very natural
candidate for cold dark matter and calculated its density in some detail
(this paper now has over 1,000 citations in the SPIRES database; Ellis J,
et al., "Supersymmetric relics from the Big Bang," Nuclear
Physics B 238[2]: 453-76, 1984).
John Ellis on the Symbiosis Between Particle Physics & Astrophysics
Search for new physics with long-lived particles decaying to photons and missing energy in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV
A search is performed for long-lived neutral particles decaying into a photon and invisible particles. [...]
CERN-PH-EP-2012-164 ; CMS-EXO-11-067-003.
-
2012.
Additional information for the analysis - CMS AuthorList - Fulltext - Full text
Combined search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector
A combined search for the Standard Model Higgs boson with the ATLAS detector at the LHC is presented. [...]
arXiv:1207.0319 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-167.
-
2012. - 32 p.
Previous draft version - Preprint
Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson produced in
association with a vector boson and decaying to a b-quark pair with the
ATLAS detector
/ ATLAS Collaboration
This Letter presents the results of a direct search with the ATLAS
detector at the LHC for a Standard Model Higgs boson of mass $110 \le
m_H \le 130$ GeV produced in association with a W or Z boson and
decaying to $b\bar{b}$. [...]
arXiv:1207.0210 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-138.
-
2012. - 30 p.
Previous draft version - Preprint
Pion emission from the T2K replica target: method, results and application
/ Abgrall, N et al.,
The T2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment in Japan
needs precise predictions of the initial neutrino flux. The highest
precision can be reached based on detailed measurements of hadron
emission from the same target as used by T2K exposed to a proton beam
of the same kinetic energy of 30 GeV. [...]
CERN-PH-EP-2012-188.-
Geneva : CERN, 2012 - 35.
Draft (restricted):PDF; Fulltext:PDF;
New measurement of the charged kaon semileptonic (Ke4) decay Branching Ratio and Hadronic Form Factors
/ Batley, J R (Cambridge U.)
A sample of more than one million Ke4 decay candidates with less than
one percent background contamination has been collected by the NA48/2
experiment at the CERN SPS in 2003-2004, allowing a detailed study of
the decay properties. [...]
arXiv:1206.7065 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-185.
-
2012. - 21 p.
Preprint
Inclusive and differential measurements of the $t\bar{t}$ charge asymmetry in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
/ CMS Collaboration
The t t-bar charge asymmetry is measured in events containing a charged
lepton (electron or muon) and at least four jets, one of which is
identified as originating from b-quark hadronization. [...]
arXiv:1207.0065 ; CMS-TOP-11-030 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-175.
-
2012. - 31 p.
Preprint
Search for stopped long-lived particles produced in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ =7 TeV
/ CMS Collaboration
A search has been performed for long-lived particles that have stopped
in the CMS detector, during 7 TeV proton-proton operations of the CERN
LHC. [...]
arXiv:1207.0106 ; CMS-EXO-11-020 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-170.
-
2012. - 31 p.
Preprint
Measurement of the Cross Section for High-p_T Hadron Production in Scattering of 160GeV/c Muons off Nucleons
/ Adolph, C. ; Alekseev, M.G. ; Alexakhin, V.Yu. ; Alexandrov, Yu. ; Alexeev, G.D. ; Amoroso, A. ; Antonov, A.A. ; Austregesilo, A. ; Badellek, B. ; Balestra, F. et al.
The cross section for production of charged hadrons with high
transverse momenta in scattering of 160 GeV/c muons off nucleons at low
photon virtualities has been measured at the COMPASS experiment at CERN.
The results, which cover transverse momenta from 1.1 to 3.6 GeV/c, are
compared to a next-to-leading order perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics
(NLO pQCD) calculation in order to evaluate the applicability of pQCD to
this process in the kinematic domain of the experiment. [...]
CERN-PH-EP-2012-189.-
Geneva : CERN, 2012 - 9.
Draft (restricted):PDF; Fulltext:PDF;
Search for a light pseudoscalar Higgs boson in the dimuon decay channel in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV
/ CMS Collaboration
The dimuon invariant mass spectrum is searched in the range between 5.5
and 14 GeV for a light pseudoscalar Higgs boson "a", predicted in a
number of new physics models, including the next-to-minimal
supersymmetric standard model. [...]
arXiv:1206.6326 ; CMS-HIG-12-004 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-176.
-
2012. - 27 p.
Preprint
Search for the Standard Model Higgs boson in the $H \to \tau^+ \tau^-$ decay mode in $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV pp collisions with ATLAS
/ ATLAS Collaboration
A search for the Standard Model Higgs boson decaying into a pair of tau leptons is reported. [...]
arXiv:1206.5971 ; CERN-PH-EP-2012-140.
-
2012. - 52 p.
Previous draft version - Preprint
SW: Can you explain to us some of the places where supersymmetry
shows up in these various theories, and what it does for you when it
does show up? Let me back up for one second here: Supersymmetry is an extension of
the symmetries of space-time, and it has this really interesting
character. On the one hand, supersymmetric theories are examples of
ordinary quantum field theories. They’re not radically outside the
framework of the rubric handed down to us by our ancestors by the 1930s.
But on the other hand, while being ordinary quantum field theories,
they have extraordinary properties; they extend the symmetries of
space-time. And so they fit at a nexus between two worlds. Considering
this deep, central idea, it’s not surprising that it’s going to show up
in a host of places.
One of the places it shows up is in attempts to extend, very
pragmatically, the standard model of particle physics and to solve a
variety of its problems. So there are these famous fine-tuning problems
and other difficulties we have, which can be summarized as attempts to
understand the following major puzzle: Because of quantum
fluctuations—violent vacuum fluctuations that get more and more violent
as you go to shorter and shorter distances—it seems to be impossible to
have any macroscopic order in the universe at all. The universe is big,
gravity is weak; there is a very big macroscopic universe, but that
seems almost impossible given that there are these gigantic quantum
fluctuations.
Supersymmetry is one attempt to solve these problems by coming up
with an explanation for why the quantum fluctuations disappear at short
distances. This isn’t a small problem, a details thing. If you’re going
to fix it, it’s going to need a big fix. The way supersymmetry does it
is by extending the idea of space-time, and it does it in a way that you
can’t fluctuate at all in these quantum dimensions. There’s a perfect
symmetry between the quantum dimensions and the ordinary dimensions, and
so the gigantic quantum fluctuations have to cancel out. That’s why it
showed up and people care about it a lot in particle physics and in
finding extensions of the standard model.
It also shows up all over the place in string theory, because if you’re
going to have a quantum mechanical theory of gravity, which is what
string theory is about, one of the first things it should do is give you
a nice big macroscopic universe to play with—even a toy universe. Any
other attempt to talk about quantum gravity just fails at this starting
point, because of exactly the same violent quantum fluctuation problem.
So supersymmetry shows up because it allows us to get going and even
talk about it. It also shows up for other reasons.
It turns out that just the structure of quantum field theories—how to
calculate with them, and see what the consequences are—is very rich,
very complicated, and difficult to calculate with. When the couplings
between quarks and gluons get strong, it’s impossible to calculate
anything analytically, and for a long time people had no idea how to
make progress. Supersymmetric theories have so many theoretical
properties that you can really make wonderfully significant progress
studying the dynamics of quantum field theories. And you do it by
studying them in their most supersymmetric aspect first.
What first drew your interest to the research
area of supersymmetry?
