Journal Club

A journal club is a group of individuals who meet regularly to critically evaluate recent articles in scientific literature. Journal clubs are usually organized around a defined subject in basic or applied research. For example, the application of evidence-based medicine to some area of medical practice can be facilitated by a journal club. Typically, each participant can voice their view relating to several questions such as the appropriateness of the research design, the statistics employed, the appropriateness of the controls that were used, etc. There might be an attempt to synthesize together the results of several papers, even if some of these results might first appear to contradict each other. Even if the results of the study are seen as valid, there might be a discussion of how useful the results are and if these results might lead to new research or to new applications.

Journal clubs are sometimes used in the education of graduate or professional students. These help make the student become more familiar with the advanced literature in their new field of study. In addition, these journal clubs help improve the students' skills of understanding and debating current topics of active interest in their field. This type of journal club may sometimes be taken for credit. Research laboratories may also organize journal clubs for all researchers in the lab to help them keep up with the literature produced by others who work in their field.

 History

The earliest references to a journal club is found in a book of memoirs and letters by the late Sir James Paget, a British surgeon, who describes a group at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London in the mid-19th century as "a kind of club ... a small room over a baker's shop near the Hospital-gate where we could sit and read the journals."^[1]
Sir William Osler established the first formalized journal club at McGill University in Montreal in 1875. The original purpose of Osler's journal club was "for the purchase and distribution of periodicals to which he could ill afford to subscribe."^[2]

External links

• Dayton, A. I. (2006). "Beyond open access: open discourse, the next great equalizer". Retrovirology 3 (1): 55. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-55. PMC 1569436. PMID 17007632.

 References

1. ^ Esisi, Martina. "Journal clubs." BMJ Careers. 13 Oct. 2007. Web. 09 Jan. 2010. <http://careers.bmj.com/careers/advice/view-article.html?id=2631#ref2>.
2. ^ Milbrandt, Eric B., and Jean-Louis Vincent. "Evidence-based medicine journal club." Critical Care (2004): 401-02. PubMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 3 Nov. 2004. Web. 10 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1065082/>

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See Also: Journal Club – Black Holes Made All The Difference by Steve Nerlich on March 24, 2012

Intuition

Like Truth.....how is it one could have found any use of such an subjective tool while recognizing something inherent in the process of discovery? Your thoughts?

Here's two quotes for consideration.

Intuition and Logic in Mathematics by Henri Poincaré

On the other hand, look at Professor Klein: he is studying one of the most abstract questions of the theory of functions to determine whether on a given Riemann surface there always exists a function admitting of given singularities. What does the celebrated German geometer do? He replaces his Riemann surface by a metallic surface whose electric conductivity varies according to certain laws. He connects two of its points with the two poles of a battery. The current, says he, must pass, and the distribution of this current on the surface will define a function whose singularities will be precisely those called for by the enunciation.

Felix Klein on intuition

It is my opinion that in teaching it is not only admissible, but absolutely necessary, to be less abstract at the start, to have constant regard to the applications, and to refer to the refinements only gradually as the student becomes able to understand them. This is, of course, nothing but a universal pedagogical principle to be observed in all mathematical instruction ....

I am led to these remarks by the consciousness of growing danger in Germany of a separation between abstract mathematical science and its scientific and technical applications. Such separation can only be deplored, for it would necessarily be followed by shallowness on the side of the applied sciences, and by isolation on the part of pure mathematics ....

In context of examination while not mathematically trained I was always curious about the process unfolding.... the foundations and their beginnings. The Sound Of Billiard Balls

Dirac became proof for me of the issue of being abstract while needing the image to go with it? Symbolically recognized while analytically described. So his axiomatic stance lead me to question why how and why Feynman designed his "word art(feynman diagrams)?"

When one is doing mathematical work, there are essentially two different ways of thinking about the subject: the algebraic way, and the geometric way. With the algebraic way, one is all the time writing down equations and following rules of deduction, and interpreting these equations to get more equations. With the geometric way, one is thinking in terms of pictures; pictures which one imagines in space in some way, and one just tries to get a feeling for the relationships between the quantities occurring in those pictures. Now, a good mathematician has to be a master of both ways of those ways of thinking, but even so, he will have a preference for one or the other; I don't think he can avoid it. In my own case, my own preference is especially for the geometrical way.Paul Dirac

Part of finding this truth is a deep examination(deep play) of what has been perpetuated so far and a meta look synopsis at how to gather and explain it so as to move on.

The deeper truth is an image that has to be explained? Part of our innateness has left an impression on the soul and recognizing the "time capsule" that is mandala in origins, is the method by which the soul engages what explodes back into their consciousness? This arises from a subconscious level and so too having traveled there you recognize what happens when you touch the very core of your being?

While I may refer to the geometric as inherent in such a truth in expression as some light behind us shining our shadow on the cave walls, these geometries can be covered by ancient designs and can lead the soul back to this beginning?

While you were looking out there, you were looking inside.

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On developing the intuition I had a comment that I wanted to bring together here so it is understood that while we may hold science as a standard within our question for knowledge it is also required that we learn to understand somethings about ourselves in that process.

See: Understanding our Angels and Daemons

The Truth

The value of non-Euclidean geometry lies in its ability to liberate us from preconceived ideas in preparation for the time when exploration of physical laws might demand some geometry other than the Euclidean. Bernhard Riemann

Yes, this is what I had in mind too, as too identify the last place with which the historical paved the way to meeting Non Euclidean.

The amount of dark matter and energy in the universe plays a crucial role in determining the geometry of space. If the density of matter and energy in the universe is less than the critical density, then space is open and negatively curved like the surface of a saddle Geometry of the Universe

With it's application understood in terms of how one might see the shape of the universe, the truth in understanding is the search for how our universe does have a basis in a geometrical truth? What shape then?

Riemannian Geometry, also known as elliptical geometry, is the geometry of the surface of a sphere. It replaces Euclid's Parallel Postulate with, "Through any point in the plane, there exists no line parallel to a given line." A line in this geometry is a great circle. The sum of the angles of a triangle in Riemannian Geometry is > 180°.

If one understands the purpose of the truth with which is presented "on the scales" what relationship is subjectively compared to how gravity may affect the idea of an emotive world that is circumspect by our views being contained/weight. It could be as much "as a fog that exists" until some idea of a "clear light like perspective" is understood? How our perception of earth has now been transformed from the pearl in space to some strange looking rock in space

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Galileo Galilei

In 1586 at the age of 22, Galileo (1564-1642) wrote a short treatise entitled La Bilancetta (“The Little Balance”). He was skeptical of Vitruvius’s account of how Archimedes determined the fraud in Hiero's crown and in this treatise presented his own theory based on Archimedes’ Law of the Lever and Law of Buoyancy. He also included a description of a hydrostatic balance that determined the precise composition of an alloy of two metals.

So on a subjective level we want to put forward the best constitution that we can so we try and find the basis of this truth as it would apply to all people. I think this is what came out of Benjamin Franklin when he was involved in the writing of the US Constitution. perusing Jefferson words as to better clarify the meaning of.

We hold (they say) these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal. In what are they created equal? Is it in size, understanding, figure, moral or civil accomplishments, or situation of life? Benjamin Franklin-The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 46, pp. 403–404)

When I spoke of Benjamin Franklin I was referring to a philosophical truth that is inductive\deductive.

Our attempt to justify our beliefs logically by giving reasons results in the "regress of reasons." Since any reason can be further challenged, the regress of reasons threatens to be an infinite regress. However, since this is impossible, there must be reasons for which there do not need to be further reasons: reasons which do not need to be proven. By definition, these are "first principles." The "Problem of First Principles" arises when we ask Why such reasons would not need to be proven. Aristotle's answer was that first principles do not need to be proven because they are self-evident, i.e. they are known to be true simply by understanding them.

Even with all the scientific truth that is as tested, as an individual finding that place within with which such a conclusion is arrived at.....is much like "setting the tone" that will reverberate though your whole life?

The truth is not just mathematical although such reductionism can be sought to have been derived from First Principles? Where is this place? Where inside is this place?

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See Also: 

• What Began all Else Follows

Beacons of Discovery

To discover what our world is made of and how it works at the most fundamental level is the challenge of particle physics. The tools of particle physics—experiments at particle accelerators and underground laboratories, together with observations of space—bring opportunities for discovery never before within reach. Thousands of scientists from universities and laboratories around the world collaborate to design, build and use unique detectors and accelerators to explore the fundamental physics of matter, energy, space and time. Together, in a common world-wide program of discovery, they provide a deep understanding of the world around us and countless benefits to society. Beacons of Discovery presents a vision of the global science of particle physics at the dawn of a new light on the mystery and beauty of the universe. See: Beacons of Discovery

See Also : The World Wide Science of Particle Physics

Message Sent Through Rock Via Neutrino Beam

See:Cern Courier:The right spin for a neutrino superfluid

If like myself you are watching the history of communication,  it becomes important to understand the advances we have on the horizon for when we are looking across the expanse of space for consideration of that information transference.

MINERvA: Bringing Neutrinos into Sharp Focus

 

Like radio waves, neutrino beams spread out. Moving farther away from the neutrino source is somewhat like driving away from a radio tower: Eventually you lose the signal. Until physicists create more intense beams of neutrinos or build more powerful detectors, the goal of using neutrinos to communicate with people under the sea or outside Earth’s orbit will remain out of reach.See:Scientists send encoded message through rock via neutrino beam

  While relativistic interpretations are understood with Muon detection scenarios we are able to understand some things about the earth that we had not known before. So in this case we see where such communications are already defining for us some information about the world we live in.

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 Update:

DEMONSTRATION OF COMMUNICATION USING NEUTRINOS

 Beams of neutrinos have been proposed as a vehicle for communications under unusual circumstances, such as direct point-to-point global communication, communication with submarines, secure communications and interstellar communication. We report on the performance of a low-rate communications link established using the NuMI beam line and the MINERvA detector at Fermilab. The link achieved a decoded data rate of 0.1 bits/sec with a bit error rate of 1% over a distance of 1.035 km, including 240 m of earth.

ICARUS: the neutrino speed discrepancy is 0, not 60 ns

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 We examine the possibility to employ neutrinos to communicate within the galaxy. We discuss various issues associated with transmission and reception, and suggest that the resonant neutrino energy near 6.3 PeV may be most appropriate. In one scheme we propose to make Z^o particles in an overtaking e^+ - e^- collider such that the resulting decay neutrinos are near the W^- resonance on electrons in the laboratory. Information is encoded via time structure of the beam. In another scheme we propose to use a 30 PeV pion accelerator to create neutrino or anti-neutrino beams. The latter encodes information via the particle/anti-particle content of the beam, as well as timing. Moreover, the latter beam requires far less power, and can be accomplished with presently foreseeable technology. Such signals from an advanced civilization, should they exist, will be eminently detectable in neutrino detectors now under construction. See:Galactic Neutrino Communication by John G. Learned, Sandip Pakvasa, A. Zee

See Also:

• Galactic Neutrino Communications 
• Muons reveal the interior of volcanoes
• Energy Boost From Shock Front

Rara Avis in Terris Nigroque Simillima Cygno

Statistical and applied probabilistic knowledge is the core of knowledge; statistics is what tells you if something is true, false, or merely anecdotal; it is the "logic of science"; it is the instrument of risk-taking; it is the applied tools of epistemology; you can't be a modern intellectual and not think probabilistically—but... let's not be suckers. The problem is much more complicated than it seems to the casual, mechanistic user who picked it up in graduate school. Statistics can fool you. In fact it is fooling your government right now. It can even bankrupt the system (let's face it: use of probabilistic methods for the estimation of risks did just blow up the banking system).THE FOURTH QUADRANT: A MAP OF THE LIMITS OF STATISTICS [9.15.08]  By Nassim Nicholas Taleb

Nassim Nicholas Taleb - What is a "Black Swan?"

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SEE Also:

• The Black Swan 
• Plinko Sounds a Bit like the Galton Board

Trying to Explain an Anomaly

What and how are we communicating? I draw comparisons from what we see as early universe formations in our own data sets as to show that we can see the world in different ways. I draw comparison between the emotive states of our being too, science in it's explanation as to seeing the mechanics of,  as shown in two separate ways. Classically and in the Quantum?

Pascal's triangle

It seems it has been really difficult trying to formulate the way in which to approach explaining the anomaly that was physical in the sense of observance. That as too reciprocity as much as I could say, could such a thing exist?

“By the age of 5 we are all musical experts, so this stuff is clearly wired really deeply into us,” said Dr. Levitin, an eerily youthful-looking 49, surrounded by the pianos, guitars and enormous 16-track mixers that make his lab look more like a recording studio. This summer he published “This Is Your Brain on Music” (Dutton), a layperson’s guide to the emerging neuroscience of music. Dr. Levitin is an unusually deft interpreter, full of striking scientific trivia. For example we learn that babies begin life with synesthesia, the trippy confusion that makes people experience sounds as smells or tastes as colors. Or that the cerebellum, a part of the brain that helps govern movement, is also wired to the ears and produces some of our emotional responses to music. His experiments have even suggested that watching a musician perform affects brain chemistry differently from listening to a recording.See: Music of the Hemispheres

I too added then that such an explanation had to have the human factor of input as to say that this anomaly needed the contribution of others in order to allow the observer and the observed produce such an action. Or, is it our own recognition of acceptance of such concrete things that we had assign the reality to be in such a way as to say reality is this way.

	Ranging from slime molds to Alzheimer’s Disease, a new online exhibit, Emergent Universe (http://www.emergentuniverse.org) aims to encourage young people to learn about “emergence,” complex behaviors that arise from the interaction of simple parts. See: Emergent Universe - an online museum of science.

Constraints when applied to all senses, as to set them to being concrete we accustom ourselves to the reality around us . Reality becomes part and parcel of recognizing this capability before such concreteness, arises from such a abstract state of existence as to imply this association of an anomaly as an abstract thing?

 Color of Gravity 4
 

This is the most important song I’ve ever written, it's a time capsule song. I will listen to it every day of my life if I need to. It's honest to God the most important song I’ve ever written in my life, and it has the fewest words. I was in LA, and I was there for the summer, just writing tunes, and I was in the shower. And I don't know where it came from, but it's the damn truth you know, and I just sang, "gravity...is working against me.Gravity (John Mayer song)

So you say it is theoretical and have all the basis of science at your disposal as to imply such an equation arises from a set of proposed examples of why the universe is the way it is, that such an expression of the universe is as much the recognition of the capabilities of the universe being from all that is constitutionally recognized.

Currently science is looking for such "gathering attributes" as to understand why nature is the way it is. Emergence?

5 types of ATLAS event shape data

The data is first processed using the vast and all-powerful ATLAS software framework. This allows raw data (streams of ones and zeroes) to be converted step-by-step into ‘objects’ such as silicon detector hits and energy deposits. We can reconstruct particles using these objects. The next step is to convert the information into a file containing two or three columns of numbers known as a "breakpoint file". It can also be used as a "note list". This kind of file can be read by compositional software such as the Composers Desktop Project (CDP) and Csound software used for this project. See: How is Data Converted into Sounds

This sets the stage for questioning in my mind. If all the data is a function of information that exists and is constitutionally recognized then so too is the capability of consciousness able to manufacture the anomaly with which observance/observer of a new paradigm begins.

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Mean Gravity Field

On planet Earth, we tend to think of the gravitational effect as being the same no matter where we are on the planet. We certainly don't see variations anywhere near as dramatic as those between the Earth and the Moon. But the truth is, the Earth's topography is highly variable with mountains, valleys, plains, and deep ocean trenches. As a consequence of this variable topography, the density of Earth's surface varies. These fluctuations in density cause slight variations in the gravity field, which, remarkably, GRACE can detect from space. Gravity 101

See Also:

• Anomalistics 
•  We Are Stardust, So What does the Mind Use in Thought??

• Geodesy and geophysics

• Grail: Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

List of KITP Wikispaces

2011

Asteroseismology in the Space Age
Topological Insulators and Superconductors
Holographic Duality and Condensed Matter Physics
Dynamics of Development (Minipgm)
Network Architecture of Brain Structures and Functions (Minipgm)
Nonperturbative Effects and Dualities in QFT and Integrable Systems
The First Year of the LHC
Biological Frontiers of Polymer and Soft Matter Physics
The Harmony of Scattering Amplitudes
The Nature of Turbulence
Galaxy Clusters: the Crossroads of Astrophysics and Cosmology
Microbial and Viral Evolution
Iron-based Superconductors

2010

Disentangling Quantum Many-Body Systems: Computational and Conceptual Approaches
Emerging Techniques in Neuroscience
Beyond Standard Optical Lattices
Langlands-Type Dualities in Quantum Field Theory
X-ray Frontiers
Electron Glasses
Physics of Glasses: Relating Metallic Glasses to Molecular, Polymeric and Oxide Glasses
Strings at the LHC and in the Early Universe
The Theory and Observation of Exoplanets
Towards Material Design Using Strongly Correlated Electron Systems
Evolutionary Perspectives on Mechanisms of Cellular Organization

2009

Formation and Evolution of Globular Clusters
Low Dimensional Electron Systems
Fundamental Aspects of Superstring Theory
Quantum Control of Light and Matter
Quantum Criticality and the AdS/CFT Correspondence
The Physics of Higher Temperature Superconductivity
Particle Acceleration in Astrophysical Plasmas
Morphodynamics of Plants, Animals and Beyond
Quantum Information Science
Excitations in Condensed Matter: From Basic Concepts to Real Materials

2008

Workshop on the Quantum Spin Hall Effect and Topological Insulators
Building the Milky Way
Population Genetics and Genomics
The Theory and Practice of Fluctuation-Induced Interactions
Gauge Theory and Langlands Duality
Dynamo Theory
Physics of Climate Change
Anatomy, Development, and Evolution of the Brain
Physics of the Large Hadron Collider
Nonequilibrium Dynamics in Particle Physics and Cosmology
Workshop on the Interplay between Numerical Relativity and Data Analysis

2007

Workshop on SRO and Chiral p-wave Superconductivity
Moments and Multiplets in Mott Materials
Star Formation Through Cosmic Time
Biological Switches and Clocks
Strongly Correlated Phases in Condensed Matter and Degenerate Atomic Systems

2006

Applications Of Gravitational Lensing: Unique Insights Into Galaxy Formation And Evolution
String Phenomenology
Stochastic Geometry and Field Theory: From Growth Phenomena to Disordered Systems
Physics of Galactic Nuclei
Attosecond Science Workshop
New Physical Approaches to Molecular and Cellular Machines

2005

From the Atomic to the Tectonic: Friction, Fracture and Earthquake Physics
Mathematical Structures in String Theory

Daya Bay

The Daya Bay site in southern China. Image: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory

An international collaboration of physicists working on a neutrino experiment in southern China announced today they have made a difficult measurement scientists have been chasing for more than a decade.

The results of the Daya Bay neutrino experiment open an important window into understanding the behavior of neutrinos, and now the race is on to determine the implications. Two American experiments, one proposed and one under construction, seem well positioned to take the next steps. See:Daya Bay experiment makes key measurement, paves way for future discoveries

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PMTs convert light from particle collisions to electric charge. Since the experiment must collect the light emitted from each event, the reflectors at top and bottom of the acrylic vessels enhance gathering of light.

See:The Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment: On Track to Completion

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Dialogos of Eide: Mysterious Behavior of Neutrinos sent Straight

Dec 24, 2009... to the NOvA detector in Minnesota. The neutrinos travel the 500 miles in less than three milliseconds. See:NOvA Neutrino Project. ***. Using the NuMI beam to search for electron neutrino appearance. The NOνA Experiment...

Dialogos of Eide: Gran Sasso and Fermilab

Oct 31, 2011 Funded by a grant from the University of Minnesota. (Credit: Fermilab Visual Media Services). ***. Fermilab experiment weighs in on neutrino mystery. Scientists of the MINOS experiment at the Department of Energy's Fermi...

Dialogos of Eide: Linking Experiments

Mar 29, 2010 Scientists would use the LBNE to explore whether neutrinos break one of the most fundamental laws of physics: the symmetry between matter and antimatter. In 1980, James Cronin and Val Fitch received the Nobel Prize for...

Dialogos of Eide: ICECUBE Blogging Research Material and more

Oct 27, 2011 Linking Experiments(Majorana, EXO); How do stars create the heavy elements? (DIANA); What role did neutrinos play in the evolution of the universe? (LBNE). In addition, scientists propose to build a generic underground...

Inspirations

Inspired on Escher's works. A free vision on how could be his workplace.

I was made aware of This Youtube video by Clifford of Asymptotia. He also linked, Lines and Colors.