Supersymmetry

There is no branch of mathematics, however abstract, which may not some day be applied to phenomena of the real world.

— Nikolai Lobachevsky


John Ellis:

Extensions of the Standard Model often contain more discriminatory parameters, and this is certainly true of supersymmetry, my personal favourite candidate for new physics beyond the Standard Model. One of the possibilities suggested by supersymmetry is that Higgs bosons might distinguish couple differently to matter

Without consideration of that early universe, the quantum interpretation doesn't make sense unless you include it in something whole?



Lubos said,

There are also many other, indirect ways how can we "go" back in time. This is what evolution, cosmology, and other fields of science are all about.

   Unsymmetrical-cooling-gravity weaker
              Expanding
            \            /
             \          /
              \        /
              _\      /___
             /  \    /    /
            /    \  /    /
           /      \/    /  --------300,000 years
          /            /          Gravity strong
          -------------           Symmetrical
                ^
                I
            seedlike
           
                    
     Q-------------Quark measure is stronger
            \        /
             \      /
              \    /
               \  /
               Q--Q
                                     

Symbolically how do you create a inclusive system, but to look at alien and foreign ways in which this logic might force you to consider the interactivity of a theory of everything? Greater quark distance, greater energy, higher gravitational field generation. The field around this distance, and supersymmetrical realization bring us closer to the source of the energy creation, closer to the source of the universe's beginnings

....to consider such eneregies within the sphere of M, at a quantum level, as well at such cosmological scales."

The Bubble Universe / Andre Linde's Self Creating Universe

These are the theories discussed in class. The bubble universe concept involves creation of universes from the quantum foam of a "parent universe." On very small scales, the foam is frothing due to energy fluctuations. These fluctuations may create tiny bubbles and wormholes. If the energy fluctuation is not very large, a tiny bubble universe may form, experience some expansion like an inflating balloon, and then contract and disappear from existence. However, if the energy fluctuation is greater than a particular critical value, a tiny bubble universe forms from the parent universe, experiences long-term expansion, and allows matter and large-scale galactic structures to form.

The "self-creating" in Andre Linde's self-creating universe theory stems from the concept that each bubble or inflationary universe will sprout other bubble universes, which in turn, sprout more bubble universes. The universe we live in has a set of physical constants that seem tailor-made for the evolution of living things.

It is very difficult sometimes to bring another individuals view in line with the vast resources that could point the mind to consider the whole thing?



If you did not have a encompassing philosophy, and I know this word is dirty to some, but without pointing to a basis for which the universe sprang, then such topological features would never make sense.

So you direct the thinking to what the early universe looked like(?), and it's potential for expression. A lot of things are going on that are not considered geometrically/topologically unfolding, which hide within the basis of expression. So you have to use analogies to nudge the mind into possible structural considerations, with evidence of graviton production?

Notes on Hyperspace Saul-Paul Sirag

The rule is that for n hidden dimensions the gravitational force falls off with the inverse (n + 2 ) power of the distance R. This implies that as we look at smaller and smaller distances (by banging protons together in particle accelerators) the force of gravity should look stronger and stronger. How much stronger depends on the number of hidden dimensions (and how big they are). There may be enough hidden dimensions to unify the all the forces (including gravity) at an energy level of around 1 TeV (1012 eV), corresponding to around 10-19 meters. This would be a solution to the hierarchy problem of the vast difference in energy scale between the three standard gauge forces and gravity. This is already partly solved by supersymmetry (as mentioned previously); but this new idea would be a more definitive solution--if it were the right solution!

Testing Theoretical Ideas of Extra Dimensions

"Yet I exist in the hope that these memoirs, in some manner, I know not how, may find their way to the minds of humanity in Some Dimensionality, and may stir up a race of rebels who shall refuse to be confined to limited Dimensionality." from Flatland, by E. A. Abbott

Leaking Gravity May Explain Cosmic Puzzle

Gravity leakage should create minor deviations in the motion of planets and moons. Astronauts on the Apollo 11 mission installed mirrors on the lunar surface. By shooting lasers at the mirrors, a reflected beam can be monitored from Earth to measure tiny orbital fluctuations. Dvali said deviations in the Moon's path around Earth might reveal whether gravity is really leaking away.

You know for me, it's not enough just to swipe away ideas that have been expounded in a theoretical approach. Are we doing a disservice to the scientific process not to explore these potentials along the roads of theoretical ideas born and discharged to discussion?

Moonscience - Quakes, Shakes and Laser Beams

The second chief experiment in the Apollo 11 science package was the Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector, or LRRR. Roughly one foot square, the LRRR was a configuration of specialized mirrors that possessed the property of always reflecting light in the same direction as its source. The reflector was set up about 16 feet (5 meters) from the solar-powered seismic recorder. Resting on the lunar surface it resembled an oversize hotplate with a shiny top. It would be used to reflect laser beams sent from Earth in order to make very precise measurements of Earth-Moon distances. Although the moon is on average about 238,000 miles (385,000 kilometers) away from Earth, using this method, scientists can measure the Earth-moon distance to an accuracy of about 1 1/4 inches (3 centimeters).

I have listen to the Skeptic approach to resistance of something that has not been proven to exist, yet I had found things existing within our culture that said, yes it has not been proven, yet there is a track record of what GR has accomplished.

So should we let the resistance of fear insight distrust of the media, and have good science minds disrupt by instigating false reports like the one did by Alan Sokal in regards to quantum gravity? Nice way to treat those who move up to face the challenge of a theoretcial world that expects the same validation as any process?

I don't argue this, but I wonder then if we are given gravitational wave production such a vast monetary reward for such developements from what Einstein produced, then what justification was awarded such experimental processes, to say ,that the ideas of some I have been expounded in terms of those extra dimensions.

I thank Lubos Motl for speaking to the deconstruction process and what is being implied in particle reductionsism. What it has lead us too. He is advocating good technical structure for comprehension of thos esame dimensions and points out the theoretical spaces that this mathematics is involved in.



Q<->Q measure a reveals a much more dynamical world theoretcially that needs to be entertained.

Eric Adelberger and Blayne Heckel of the University of Washington in Seattle are no strangers to difficult gravity experiments. In the 1980s, they led one of a number of groups that investigated the existence of a postulated fifth force, which would show up as a gravitational anomaly over distances of up to 100 metres. Their findings helped to kill the idea.

Would you lesson the impact of Gaussian coordinates to any substantial view, because it makes use of those same theoretical spaces?

Dimopoulos has been strongly driven in his research by a desire to understand what lies beyond the standard model. His contributions have included work on grand unified theories of baryogenesis, which would provide an explanation of the origin of matter. Jointly with Stanford colleague Nima Arkani-Hamed and Gia Dvali of ICTP, Trieste, Italy, he has proposed an audacious solution to the problem of explaining the weakness of the gravitational force. The proposal invokes new large dimensions accessible to the graviton

The Eöt-Wash Group: Laboratory Tests of Gravitational Physics

Stretching the Brain

Pettit shakes a remarkably sturdy film of water onboard the ISS. See the full-length movie: Reel 1, Reel 2.

"Observations of nature, no matter how seemingly arcane, are like peeling off one more layer from the great onion of knowledge, tickling your imagination with what you have found but always revealing yet another tantalizing layer underneath," says Pettit.

"I hope we never get to the core." See:Saturday Morning Science

What strikes me as strange is how we could have percieved the language of branes, with somekind of toy model even though we can't see them. For me as a sideliner, who views the world of these theoreticists, I had to try and make sense of this language they are talking about.

So I looked for some comparisons and geometrodynamics came into view, but I mean this couldn't have even been fathomable if we say it is hidden ,what the heck does this mean? The dimensional relevance had to be spoken and our visulizations moved beyond the euclidean points to a non euclidean world of metrics realization between these quark to quark measures.

So in the spirit of Feynmen, how about we use these new features to help us orientate the views of the world that is hidden and help many understand the world contained in the vacuum, that many could never have comprehended?

Lubos likes Moose horns as a analogy for Feynman path integrals?:)

Here I would look at Dvali's analogies to move the consideration forward place within context of this post.

It is part and parcel of the view I am developing, in relation to the geometrical/topological understanding that comes out of the view of how this universe came to be. I know this would quickly align some persepctives in that geometrical consideration. But having viewed Daniel Kabats response how would we describe non conformal geometries that arrive in the spaces Daniel speaks about?

So any way, here is the new toy model that one should work with, and correspond developing language in relation too GR's developing views along side of the small world we all are trying to capture.

LQG is successful here in the intersecting bubble technology(simpleces and monte carlo models in representing quantum gravity?), in regards to it's nodes, but how would string theory survive. You had to know that underlying this language is some kind of consistency. String theory represented in the graviton, points to the question for the quantum geometry/topology that will explain this unseen world that has been theorized.

Quivering, in quark to quark measures are a interesting way in which to see the world theory spaces and not the points. The configurations space would have to explain the geometry in a way the Gaussian coordinates would help us view a dynamical world?

So string theory is, among many other things, a theory of gravity!

Daniel Kabat


A picture of flux lines in QED (left) and QCD (right).

Although it didn't properly describe strong interactions, in studying string theory physicists stumbled upon an amazing mathematical structure. String theory has turned out to be far richer than people originally anticipated. For example, people found that a certain vibrational state of the string has zero mass and spin 2. According to Einstein's theory of gravity, the gravitational force is mediated by a particle with zero mass and spin 2. So string theory is, among many other things, a theory of gravity!

One of the particle states of a closed string has zero mass and two units of spin, the same mass and spin as a graviton, the particle that is supposed to be the carrier of the gravitational force

Brane New World

If some thought is beyond comprehensible to engage string theory and come away with some simple statement about it, imagine if we are taken to the new heights that Brane New World might implicate.

But first, having understood something about the matrix involved I tried to educate myself and look for the thread that would bring feynman to dirac for his toy model production.

P.A.M. Dirac was a gifted mathematical inventor who saw how quantum mechanics rises from classical mechanics, yet transcends it. Dirac did not know of the Bohr atom when he arrived at Cambridge in 1923; yet he quickly began contributing to the mathematical structure demanded by quantum phenomena, discovering the connection between the Poisson bracket and the commutator of Heisenberg”s matrix representation of observables. Then, with careful attention to its classical antecedent, Dirac found the equation governing the evolution of the matrix elements which had eluded Heisenberg in the operator ihdA/dt = [A,H]. He then went on to discover spinors in describing the relativistic electron and antimatter implied by the quantum in relativistic space-time. Dirac conceived the many-time formulation of relativistic quantum mechanics and laid the foundations of the Feynman path integral thereby opening the way to quantum electrodynamics. Newton synthesized the foundations of classical mechanics. In fitting kinship, Dirac, who did the equivalent for quantum mechanics, filled the chair at Cambridge held by Newton.

Well when I moved to the higher dimensions it became extremely difficult to understand that if in Brane New World antics as revealled by Dvali, these concepts are simply discussed, but have far reaching implications.

Dvali uses the analogy of a metallic sheet submerged in water to illustrate the principle. If one hits the sheet with a hammer, shock waves will carry away the energy in all directions. "Most of the energy will travel along the two-dimensional surface. Only at a substantial distance away from the source will the energy loss to water be appreciable," he said. "According to our picture, we are in a very similar situation. We think gravity is 'normal' because we only measure it directly at relatively short distances, but cosmic acceleration indicates leakage.

"

This simple visualization does more to ask, how we could look at what is being held to this brane, to understand that the way that vibration moves across his example, would have some correpsondance somewhwere else for consideration.

It is always easy to visualize the three coordinated universe as a box, and if using loop amplitudes within context of Greg" Egan's example, you are going to meet the faces that these loops reflect. This pointed to something beyond the faces of these coordinates for me, to realize, that beyond the four dimensinal views there was a world that we were missing in consideration. Those missing energy events speak to this, for me.

So the following picture I hope clarifies what I have been saying for sometime from a M Theory perspective.

Unfortunately the image I had on file is no longer connected to it's source so the site gone takes the image with it. This logic was part of the developement I see in the interenet that would reveal the source and not compromize it's auhtor's rights?

So of course I had to go look at how I would see Dvali's statements about the hammer heating the metal sheet.

Missing Energy Events

'There comes a time when the mind takes a higher plane of knowledge but can never prove how it got there. All great discoveries have involved such a leap. The important thing is not to stop questioning.'

Albert Einstein
(1879- 1955)


Oskar Klein (left) proposed in the 1920s that hidden spatial dimensions might influence observed physics. He poses with physicists George Uhlenbeck (middle) and Samuel Goudsmit in 1926 at the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives

It is not easy for me to follow so many minds involved in the deeper intricacies of a world, that abstractually was built, to concieve of other possibilties. If it fell within the mind's capabilties to allow such ventures, then such values become developed in the mind's neurological developement?

High energy particles have extremely small wavelengths and can probe subatomic distances: high energy particle accelerators serve as supermicroscopes:

To see What?

The structure of matter

(atoms/nuclei/nucleons/quarks)


Did it see tidbits of nature, and ways, in which to explain other views of the microscopic world? What "eye" was held to the microscope(particle reductionistic further refined) and then, with such endearing qualties spoken to us, takes us on a journey well concieved and observed?



For me then to view this compact world, and reveal the dimensional attributes of something that may seem so foreign and alien in it's guise, I realize that for the mind to peer into the deeper workings of the microscopic world, we had to understand the images the we could produce, as we learn to build mathematical structures for contemplation

Dvali uses the analogy of a metallic sheet submerged in water to illustrate the principle. If one hits the sheet with a hammer, shock waves will carry away the energy in all directions. "Most of the energy will travel along the two-dimensional surface. Only at a substantial distance away from the source will the energy loss to water be appreciable," he said. "According to our picture, we are in a very similar situation. We think gravity is 'normal' because we only measure it directly at relatively short distances, but cosmic acceleration indicates leakage.

"

To further expand on this idea of Dvali's I wanted to draw attention to the principals of this leakage. Bear with me as I try to find the literature that I have accumlated, for what is spoken now has triggered my memory by selection of these words.

So the process now is to remember where these views were previously spoken about and bring them back here for a wider comprehension of the leakage and the dimensional significance implied by Dvali, of where this extra energy is going?

Hopefully we wil see other minds involved in string theory speaking on this matter, to seal what they are doing and descibing where they think this extra energy is going?

Given the dearth of knowledge about gravity in the subcentimeter range, the group is looking for any kind of deviation from expectations, not just extradimensional effects, he says. Nonetheless, the excitement about extra dimensions helps spur the group on, Price says.

If the strength of gravity takes a sharp turn upward at around 1 TeV, as the Stanford-Trieste scenario implies, an opportunity opens for testing this theory also in accelerators. Collisions at such energies could produce gravitons in large numbers, and some of these particles would immediately vanish into the extra dimensions, carrying energy with them. Experimenters would look for an unusual pattern of so-called missing energy events.

This and more subtle effects of extra dimensions could show up at existing accelerators, such as LEP and the Tevatron at Fermilab, only if the dimensions have scales nearly as big as a millimeter. The powerful LHC will greatly improve the chances for detecting missing energy events and other prominent extradimension effects.

The bold highlight of the article preceding, points to the realization and values of what the gravitons appear to be able to do. How they can take this energy with them into those extra dimensions. This is a very important insight, that must be considered, and not just shelved because the mathematics seem disjoined from reality.

The basis of the capabilties of the dimenisonal significance in regards to these topological manueverings, had to have some basis to move from, and it is this essence, that string theory acknowledges? The energy of these gravitations in a world quite capable of being grviaational discribed, can now have a foundation in which we may describe this dynamcial issues at the quantum level?

We have moved the GR considerations of D>=4 to a much more dynamical recogntion of the probabilties inherent in energy determinations and also grvaitonic condensation values withinthe blackhole.

Nothingness?

If you assume something always had to exist, then to me, this statement of nothingness is quite puzzling to me.


The most surprising difference for the quantum case is the so-called zero-point vibration" of the n=0 ground state. This implies that molecules are not completely at rest, even at absolute zero temperature.

String theory suggests that the big bang was not the origin of the universe but simply the outcome of a preexisting state

The title to me, was always illucive in regards to Henning Genz, yet these two quotes helped to futher define the attributes of gravitational and electromagetic waves.


Nothingness, by henning genz, pg 179

The energy of the liquid wave is energy associated with gravitation and motion of its molecules; the energy of light is energy pure and simple, associated with every illuminated point in space.

pg180

Back to light:Let's remember that it is tantamount to an oscillation of abstract field quantities in space, not an oscillation of space proper. But the latter exists,too.

From a gravity perspective I am always wondering how to tell the dynamical nature of the universe. It is easily ascertained by implications of GR cosmologically, but if moving to the higher energies, then how would photon interaction reveal itself in a quantum mechanical world, where probabilties reign?

The statistical sense of Maxwell distribution can be demonstrated with the aid of Galton board which consists of the wood board with many nails as shown in animation. Above the board the funnel is situated in which the particles of the sand or corns can be poured. If we drop one particle into this funnel, then it will fall colliding many nails and will deviate from the center of the board by chaotic way. If we pour the particles continuously, then the most of them will agglomerate in the center of the board and some amount will appear apart the center.

Is there some marble test that would help us shape our views of the dynamics of lets say bubble technolgies that would define perspective about points on this bubble? Like the Bell curve, or some BEC condensate, or a soliton wave being applicabile to describing that graviton holographically?



You had to appreciate I think the ideas behind cosmic string developement from the early universe to undertand that such probabilties, were being define as selective features of the universe, like ours being to support the life is dones here. How does the cosological constant fair here? Why not some other kind of universe?

Veneziano Amplitude for Winding Strings

It seems I am caught in strange world where topological functions are happening and if such tubes could contract and then expand then what energy amplitudes on tree models would say the string should have this much energy, and then as the energy grows that the amplittude of the string is also changing? Here the loops would have varying energy determinations that would allow the loop to twist and turn?


Ramzi R. Khuri March 11 1993

String configurations with nonzero winding number describe soliton string states. We compute the Veneziano amplitude for the scattering of arbitrary winding states and show that in the large radius limit the strings always scatter trivially and with no change in the individual winding numbers of the strings. In this limit, then, these states scatter as true solitons.

In demonstration Greg Egan's site for the use of Animations this particular link was strange to me if something was considered in this link.



When you play with the coordinates you realize the energy changes that can take place in the loop. Equally important was when you observe the faces of the directions when these coordiante are selected. To me something was triggered when it was understood the the euclidean directions actually could been view from these faces, six in all if held in context of the higher dimenisons.



Unified treatment: analyticity, Regge trajectories, Veneziano amplitude, fundamental regions and Moebius transformations
Abdur Rahim Choudhary

In this paper we present a unified treatment that combines the analyticity properties of the scattering amplitudes, the threshold and asymptotic behaviors, the invariance group of Moebius transformations, the automorphic functions defined over this invariance group, the fundamental region in (Poincaré) geometry, and the generators of the invariance group as they relate to the fundamental region. Using these concepts and techniques, we provide a theoretical basis for Veneziano type amplitudes with the ghost elimination condition built in, related the Regge trajectory functions to the generators of the invariance group, constrained the values of the Regge trajectories to take only inverse integer values at the threshold, used the threshold behavior in the forward direction to deduce the Pomeranchuk trajectory as well as other relations. The enabling tool for this unified treatment came from the multi-sheet conformal mapping techniques that map the physical sheet to a fundamental region which in turn defines a Riemann surface on which a global uniformization variable for the scattering amplitude is calculated via an automorphic function, which in turn can be constructed as a quotient of two automorphic forms of the same dimension.

tracks

The Triumph of the Standard Model

The discovery of the massive top quark at Fermilab in 1994 spectacularly confirmed the predictions of the Standard Model


John Ellis

The fundamental particle interactions described by the Standard Model are the electromagnetic, weak and strong nuclear forces. It has been known from the early days of quantum physics that the electromagnetic forces between one charged particle and another are mediated by the exchange of the massless photon. Electromagnetic interactions are well described by the long-established quantum theory of electrodynamics, called QED. Meanwhile the strong nuclear interactions are described by quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and are mediated by massless bosons, called gluons. These were discovered at the DESY laboratory in Germany in 1979.

Without some acknowledgement of where we see these events significant in the early universe, it will not make much sense to anyone, if they do not recognize the microcosmic view, is very relevant to how we see the beginning of the universe?

May the strong force be with you

Particle physicists were delighted a few months ago when the Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to David Gross, David Politzer and Frank Wilczek for their discovery of asymptotic freedom, which enabled QCD to emerge as the underlying theory of the strong interactions. Since their papers were published in 1973, and the experimental evidence for QCD has been overwhelming for a couple of decades, their prize seems a tad overdue.

The Phenix

PHENIX, the Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment, is an exploratory experiment for the investigation of high energy collisions of heavy ions and protons. PHENIX is designed specifically to measure direct probes of the collisions such as electrons, muons, and photons. The primary goal of PHENIX is to discover and study a new state of matter called the Quark-Gluon Plasma.

The Bird's eye view is really interesting once you consider the frame with which early detection system would speak to early universe formation. To me, this is a direct perspective of the spectrum's hidden aspect, from the origins of this universe to what we have around us now. From such a reductionistic valuation, how else would we be taken to such lengths of realization?

Can we see photons (particles of light) radiating directly from a Quark-Gluon Plasma? PHENIX has a preliminary measurement that confirms the presence of these direct photons. Data taken in 2004 should improve this measurement

.



Fig. 2. Image showing how an 8 TeV black hole might look in the ATLAS detector (with the caveat that there are still uncertainties in the theoretical calculations).



Quark-Gluon Plasma and such early universe detection systems would make it very difficult to move the mind to consider the deepr implications of Compton scattering versus graviton scattering with the idea that such early indications from the source, would have revealled stoing gravitational tendencies from recognition of the supesymmetrical valuation of that early universe?


Nevertheless, astroparticle and collider experiments should provide useful input to the theoretical work in this area. Indeed, the signatures are expected to be spectacular, with very high multiplicity events and a large fraction of the beam energy converted into transverse energy, mostly in the form of quarks/gluons (jets) and leptons, with a production rate at the LHC rising as high as 1 Hz. An example of what a typical black-hole event would look like in the ATLAS detector is shown in figure 2.
If mini black holes can be produced in high-energy particle interactions, they may first be observed in high-energy cosmic-ray neutrino interactions in the atmosphere. Jonathan Feng of the University of California at Irvine and MIT, and Alfred Shapere of the University of Kentucky have calculated that the Auger cosmic-ray observatory, which will combine a 6000 km2 extended air-shower array backed up by fluorescence detectors trained on the sky, could record tens to hundreds of showers from black holes before the LHC turns on in 2007.

Maybe John Ellis can orientate our thinking here a bit in this regard.




John Ellis:

CLIC is based on a novel technology in which an intense low-energy electron beam is used to generate an electromagnetic wave that is used to push a lower-intensity beam to much higher energies in a relatively small distance. It seems to be the only realistic chance of colliding electrons and positrons at multi-TeV energies so, if it works, it will allay (at least for a while) some of David Gross's concerns about the prospects for future big physics projects

.

Hirotaka Sugawara, former director of Japan’s KEK laboratory, also an ITRP member, described the science opportunities that a linear collider could provide.

"High energy physics has a long history of using proton and electron machines in a complementary way," Sugarawa said. "With concurrent operation, here is a remarkable opportunity to maximize the science from both a linear collider and the Large Hadron Collider. Exciting physics at the linear collider would start with the detailed study of the Higgs particle. But this would be just the beginning. We anticipate that some of the tantalizing superparticles will be within the range of discovery, opening the door to an understanding of one of the great mysteries of the universe—dark matter. We may also be able to probe extra space-time dimensions, which have so far eluded us."